Mechanism of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase activation by G proteins.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK) specifically phosphorylates the activated form of various G protein-coupled receptors such as the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2-AR). Recently, G protein beta gamma subunits have been demonstrated to activate beta-ARK-mediated receptor phosphorylation. To further elucidate beta-ARK/G protein interactions, we have developed a direct binding assay.

Polypeptide variants of beta-arrestin and arrestin3.

Retinal arrestin (S-antigen) inactivates the phototransduction cascade by binding to light-activated phosphorylated rhodopsin and thereby "arresting" coupling to the G protein transducin. beta-Arrestin (beta arr), a ubiquitous arrestin homolog, acts analogously to desensitize the beta 2-adrenergic receptor by disrupting Gs receptor interaction. In an attempt to identify additional "arrestins" which might regulate the multitude of G protein-coupled receptors, we have isolated two bovine brain cDNAs which encode polypeptide variants of an arrestin homolog which we have designated arrestin3 (arr3).

Phosphorylation and desensitization of human m2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors by two isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.

Studies of the human m2 (hm2) muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) have been performed to provide further insights into the potential regulation of these receptors by isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK). The hm2 mAChR and the isoforms beta ARK1 and beta ARK2 were individually expressed in, and purified from, insect Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. The expressed hm2 receptors were tested as substrates for beta ARK1 and beta ARK2 in vitro using concentrations of receptors and kinases similar to those found in intact cells.

Cloning and expression of GRK5: a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family.

Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein)-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) specifically phosphorylate the agonist-occupied form of G-protein-coupled receptors such as the beta 2-adrenergic receptor and rhodopsin. The best characterized members of this family include the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) and rhodopsin kinase. To identify additional members of the GRK family, the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify human heart cDNA using degenerate oligonucleotide primers from highly conserved regions unique to the GRK family.

Visual arrestin interaction with rhodopsin. Sequential multisite binding ensures strict selectivity toward light-activated phosphorylated rhodopsin.

Visual arrestin plays an important role in regulating light responsiveness via its ability to specifically bind to the phosphorylated and light-activated form of rhodopsin. Previously, we utilized an in vitro translation system to express and characterize the full-length (404 amino acids) and two truncated forms of visual arrestin. Here we have extended these studies to include a total of 33 different truncation and deletion mutants of arrestin, ranging from 69 to 391 amino acids in length.

The substance P receptor, which couples to Gq/11, is a substrate of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 and 2.

The agonist-occupied forms of several G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate the activity of adenylycyclase via Gs (e.g. beta 2-adrenergic) or Gi (e.

Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. Agonist-dependent receptor binding promotes kinase activation.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) specifically phosphorylates the activated form of multiple receptors such as the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2 AR) and rhodopsin. beta ARK also phosphorylates synthetic peptides, albeit with an approximately 10(4)-10(7)-fold lower Vmax/Km ratio as compared to receptors, with a clear preference for peptides containing acidic residues on the aminoterminal side of a serine or threonine. To further characterize the mechanism of substrate phosphorylation by beta ARK, we designed a series of analogue peptides containing a single amino acid change (serine, glutamic acid, or phosphoserine) situated 2 or 4 residues amino-terminal to the target serine.

Expression and characterization of two beta-adrenergic receptor kinase isoforms using the baculovirus expression system.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, beta ARK1 and beta ARK2, are two recently cloned members of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family. To further characterize these kinases, bovine beta ARK1 and beta ARK2 have been overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. High yields (5-7 mg/L cells) of purified kinase preparations were obtained by sequential chromatography of infected Sf9 cell supernatant fractions on S-Sepharose and Heparin-Sepharose.

Cell-free expression of visual arrestin. Truncation mutagenesis identifies multiple domains involved in rhodopsin interaction.

Visual arrestin plays an important role in regulating light responsiveness via its ability to specifically bind to the phosphorylated and light-activated form of rhodopsin. To further characterize rhodopsin/arrestin interactions we have utilized a rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system to synthesize bovine visual arrestin. The translated arrestin (404 amino acids) was demonstrated to be fully functional in terms of its ability to specifically recognize and bind to phosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin (P-Rh*).

Role of beta gamma subunits of G proteins in targeting the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase to membrane-bound receptors.

The rate and extent of the agonist-dependent phosphorylation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors and rhodopsin by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) are markedly enhanced on addition of G protein beta gamma subunits. With a model peptide substrate it was demonstrated that direct activation of the kinase could not account for this effect. G protein beta gamma subunits were shown to interact directly with the COOH-terminal region of beta ARK, and formation of this beta ARK-beta gamma complex resulted in receptor-facilitated membrane localization of the enzyme.

A technique to harvest viable tracheobronchial epithelial cells from living human donors.

The ability to obtain airway epithelial cells from the lower respiratory tract in living human donors will facilitate study of the biologic properties of these cells. We report our experience harvesting tracheobronchial epithelial cells from living human donors by brushing the mucosal surface of the trachea and mainstem bronchi. Cells were obtained on 21 occasions from 18 healthy adult subjects under direct vision with a brush-tipped catheter during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

G-protein-coupled receptor kinases.

Rhodopsin kinase and the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) catalyse the phosphorylation of the activated forms of the G-protein-coupled receptors, rhodopsin and the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR), respectively. The interaction between receptor and kinase is independent of second messengers and appears to involve a multipoint attachment of kinase and substrate with the specificity being restricted by both the primary amino acid sequence and conformation of the substrate. Kinetic, functional and sequence information reveals that rhodopsin kinase and beta ARK are closely related, suggesting they may be members of a family of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases.

Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2. A new member of the receptor kinase family.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. Structural features of this enzyme have been elucidated recently by the isolation of a cDNA that encodes bovine beta ARK. Utilizing a catalytic domain fragment of the beta ARK cDNA to screen a bovine brain cDNA library we have isolated a clone encoding a beta ARK-related enzyme which we have termed beta ARK2.

Cyclic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of rhodopsin in retina by protein kinase FA (the activator of ATP.Mg-dependent protein phosphatase).

The ATP.Mg-dependent protein phosphatase activating factor (protein kinase FA) was identified to exist in bovine retina. Furthermore, rhodopsin, the visual light pigment associated with rod outer segments in retina, could be well phosphorylated by kinase FA to about 0.

Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK) phosphorylates G protein coupled receptors in an agonist-dependent manner. Since the exact sites of receptor phosphorylation by beta-ARK are poorly defined, the identification of substrate amino acids that are critical to phosphorylation by the kinase are also unknown. In this study, a peptide whose sequence is present in a portion of the third intracellular loop region of the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor is shown to serve as a substrate for beta-ARK.

cDNA cloning and chromosomal localization of the human beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) mediates agonist-dependent phosphorylation of the beta 2-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. A cDNA encoding bovine beta ARK has recently been isolated. In this work we have isolated a cDNA encoding human beta ARK from a retinal cDNA library.

beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic receptor function.

Homologous or agonist-specific desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors is thought to be mediated by a specific kinase, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK). However, recent data suggest that a cofactor is required for this kinase to inhibit receptor function. The complementary DNA for such a cofactor was cloned and found to encode a 418-amino acid protein homologous to the retinal protein arrestin.

Multiple pathways of rapid beta 2-adrenergic receptor desensitization. Delineation with specific inhibitors.

Exposure of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta ARs) to agonists causes rapid desensitization of the receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase response. Three main mechanisms have been implicated in this process: phosphorylation of the receptors by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), phosphorylation by the specific agonist-dependent beta AR kinase, and sequestration of the receptors away from the cell surface. By applying inhibitors of these processes to digitonin-permeabilized A431 cells we investigated their contributions to beta AR desensitization.

Synthetic peptides of the hamster beta 2-adrenoceptor as substrates and inhibitors of the beta-adrenoceptor kinase.

1. The beta-adrenoceptor is one of a number of G protein-coupled receptors which have been proposed to contain seven transmembrane alpha-helices. The function of this receptor appears to be regulated by phosphorylation by a specific enzyme, the beta-adrenoceptor kinase.

Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: primary structure delineates a multigene family.

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK), which specifically phosphorylates only the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and closely related receptors, appears to be important in mediating rapid agonist-specific (homologous) desensitization. The structure of this enzyme was elucidated by isolating clones from a bovine brain complementary DNA library through the use of oligonucleotide probes derived from partial amino acid sequence. The beta-ARK cDNA codes for a protein of 689 amino acids (79.

Phosphorylation of chick heart muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.

Previous studies have demonstrated that muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) become markedly phosphorylated when intact cardiac cells are stimulated with a muscarinic agonist. This process appears to be related to the process of receptor desensitization. However, the mechanism of agonist-induced phosphorylation of mAChR is not known.