Perivascular enhancement pattern: Identification, Diagnostic spectrum and Practical approach - A pictorial review.

Perivascular spaces (PVS) are fluid-filled structures that form the immediate peripheral environment of small cerebral vessels. They are a central component of the glymphatic system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis. Their involvement in central nervous system diseases is currently a major focus of research, particularly in neuroimaging.

Pre-treatment risk markers for hemorrhagic transformation in posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke treated with reperfusion therapy.

Background: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is an uncommon complication of posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke (PCS) compared to anterior circulation stroke. Nevertheless, it remains a major concern especially following reperfusion therapy. This study aimed at identifying potential predictive factors associated with HT in PCS.

Otological Manifestations in Adults with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: A Controlled Radio-Clinical Study.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetical disease characterized by an abnormal structure or function of the cilia, causing sinusitis, otitis, and bronchiectasis. Hearing loss affects 60% of PCD patients, but data are lacking concerning hearing and temporal bone imaging in adults. Our aim was to describe clinical and radiological ear disease in adults with genetically confirmed PCD.

Anti-Ma2 antibody encephalitis associated with Sjogren's syndrome.

Introduction: Onconeuronal antibodies directed against intracellular antigens are strongly associated with paraneoplastic syndromes and their detection in the absence of cancer is unusual. We herein report a case of anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with Sjogren's syndrome (SS).

Case Report: An 81-year-old woman followed for a cutaneous lupus with vasculitis associated with SS presented a flare of her disease with neurological worsening including walking difficulty, hypersialorrhea and dysphagia.

Stability of the standard incus coupling of the Carina middle ear actuator after 1.5T MRI.

Limited data is available concerning the safety of active middle ear implants (AMEI) during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Measurements in temporal bones are the gold standard for preclinical assessment of device safety. In this study the coupling stability of an actuator as used in a fully implantable AMEI was determined in temporal bones.

Cystic form of cervical lymphadenopathy in adults. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (short version). Part 2-etiological diagnosis procedure: Clinical and imaging assessment.

Introduction: The authors present the guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL) for clinical and radiological assessment of cystic neck lymphadenopathy of unknown primary in adults. Most cases concern head and neck carcinoma metastasis, often in the oropharyngeal area, or less frequently differentiated thyroid carcinoma or non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Methods: A multidisciplinary task force was commissioned to carry out a review of the literature on the etiological work-up in cystic neck lymphadenopathy in adults: clinical examination, conventional imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI) and metabolic imaging.

Cystic form of cervical lymphadenopathy. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (SFORL). Part 1: Diagnostic procedures for lymphadenopathy in case of cervical mass with cystic aspect.

Objectives: The authors present the guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Society on diagnostic procedures for lymphadenopathy in case of a cervical mass with cystic aspect.

Methods: A multidisciplinary work-group was entrusted with a review of the scientific literature on the topic. Guidelines were drawn up, then read over by an editorial group independent of the work-group, and the final version was drawn up.

Angiographic Signatures of the Predominant Form of Familial Transthyretin Amyloidosis (Val30Met Mutation).

Purpose: To describe abnormalities in choroidal and retinal vasculature associated with Val30Met familial transthyretin amyloidosis (V30M-FTA) using fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography.

Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study.

Methods: This study was conducted at the French National Reference Center for FTA.

[Techniques and progress in the imaging of the ear].

Ear and temporal bone imaging is essential for the diagnostic and preoperative management of middle ear lesions. The scanner is the exam of choice to analyze the walls and the contents of the middle ear. MRI is used to characterize the opacities of the middle ear and to evaluate possible neurological complications.

Sunitinib for the treatment of benign and malignant neoplasms from von Hippel-Lindau disease: A single-arm, prospective phase II clinical study from the PREDIR group.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome that predisposes affected individuals to the development of multiple benign and malignant tumors. One of the main manifestations of VHL is renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is increasingly being treated with targeted therapies, which offer an alternative treatment option for patients with VHL disease.

[Intramedullary hemangioblastomas].

Aim And Background: Intramedullary hemangioblastomas are rare lesions representing 1 to 5% of spinal tumors. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the surgical management of intramedullary hemangioblastomas.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all the patients with intramedullary hemangioblastomas operated on between 1993 and 2011 in our department.

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of trigeminal nerves in relapsing herpetic keratouveitis.

Background: Corneal hypoesthesia is the landmark of HSV and VZV keratitis and can lead to neurotrophic keratitis. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived technique, which offers possibilities to study axonal architecture. We aimed at assessing the potential impact of recurrent HSV or VZV-related keratitis on the axonal architecture of trigeminal nerves using DTI.

Endoscopic removal of large orbito-ethmoidal osteoma in pediatric patient: Case report.

Introduction: Osteoma is a benign slow growing bone tumor with a prevalence of 3% of all benign paranasal sinuses tumors, with a peak incidence between the fourth and sixth decades, mostly involving frontal sinuses.(1) PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present a case of a large right ethmoidal sinus osteoma in a 12-year-old boy, complaining of frontal headaches and excessive lacrimation of the right eye. CT scan showed a very large tumor in the right anterior ethmoidal sinus (30mm×25mm×15mm).

The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).

The vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve) is a sensory nerve. It is made up of two nerves, the cochlear, which transmits sound and the vestibular which controls balance. It is an intracranial nerve which runs from the sensory receptors in the internal ear to the brain stem nuclei and finally to the auditory areas: the post-central gyrus and superior temporal auditory cortex.

The lower cranial nerves: IX, X, XI, XII.

The lower cranial nerves innervate the pharynx and larynx by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) (mixed) nerves, and provide motor innervation of the muscles of the neck by the accessory nerve (CN XI) and the tongue by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The symptomatology provoked by an anomaly is often discrete and rarely in the forefront. As with all cranial nerves, the context and clinical examinations, in case of suspicion of impairment of the lower cranial nerves, are determinant in guiding the imaging.

Facial nerve: from anatomy to pathology.

The facial nerve (CN VII) emerges from the facial nerve nucleus in the pons. It is accompanied by CN VIII along its cisternal pathway, as well as at the internal auditory meatus. Its petrous pathway includes a labyrinthine segment, a horizontal tympanic segment and a vertical mastoid segment until the stylomastoid foramen.

Computed tomography of the anterior skull base in Kallmann syndrome reveals specific ethmoid bone abnormalities associated with olfactory bulb defects.

Context: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is characterized by congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and an impaired sense of smell related to defective development of the olfactory system.

Objective: The aim of the study was to use high-resolution computed tomography (CT) to detect specific abnormalities in the ethmoid bone region surrounding the olfactory bulbs in patients with KS.

Patients: Thirty-seven KS patients were compared to normosmic CHH (nCHH) patients (n = 15) and controls (n = 30) of similar age.

[Vascular emergencies of the head and neck].

The clinical manifestations of vascular lesions of the head and neck may be variable (hemorrhagic, ischemic, compressive). Diagnosis often is made at the time of acute presentation, but delayed manifestations, sometimes long after the initial presentation, should not be overlooked. Hemorrhagic manifestations are characterized by epistaxis, corresponding mainly to lesions of the nasal cavities but involvement of the internal carotid artery should be excluded (life threatening).

[Skull base osteomyelitis].

Skull base osteomyelitis is a rare but serious infection. It typically afflicts immunosuppressed patients and should be suspected in patients with persistent otitis complicated by cranial nerve palsy (VII, IX and XII). The most frequent germ is pseudomonas aeruginosa.

[Traumatic cord and nerve root injuries: imaging features at the acute and chronic phases].

Cord injuries are frequent and severe lesions resulting in significant disability, most frequently in younger subjects. The area of cord injured results in clinical syndromes (Brown-Sequard, motor and/or sensory deficit..

Surgical treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia.

Objective: The present study evaluates the effectiveness of 2 surgical procedures, shunting and untethering, for posttraumatic syringomyelia.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of all surgical patients with posttraumatic syringomyelia in our department. Shunting was performed before 1997; after 1997, we used arachnoidolysis and untethering.

Long-term follow-up of Chiari-related syringomyelia in adults: analysis of 157 surgically treated cases.

Objective: To determine the long-term outcome of surgically treated Chiari-related syringomyelia.

Methods: The medical charts of 157 consecutive surgically treated patients with Chiari-related syringomyelia were retrospectively analyzed. Factors predicting outcome, either clinical or radiological, are discussed, and our results are compared with those of other large series in the literature.

Intramedullary spinal ependymomas: analysis of a consecutive series of 82 adult cases with particular attention to patients with no preoperative neurological deficit.

Objective: Surgery should be considered for patients with intramedullary spinal ependymomas (ISE), particularly those presenting with a neurological deficit preoperatively. In contrast, it is still a debatable matter whether to recommend the same approach for patients with no neurological impairment. To investigate this matter, we analyzed the data of 82 consecutive patients with ISEs treated at our institution.

[Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of central pontine myelinolysis].

Objectives: To illustrate the value of diffusion tensor imaging and tractography in the diagnosis and follow-up of central pontine myelinolysis.

Case Report: We report a case of central pontine myelinolysis in a 29 year old woman, also anorexic, studied using MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Fibre Tracking (FT) focused on the pons, and compared with the studies of 5 normal volunteers. Tractography showed a swollen aspect of the right corticospinal fiber tract correlating with mild left lower extremity deficit at clinical evaluation.