Electrochemical CaC -Mediated Conversion of Biochar to C H : High Carbon Efficiency and Low Contamination.

The carbon to CaC route is promising to provide a sustainable elementary unit, C H , for the organic synthesis industry, but the traditional thermal reaction process suffers from low carbon efficiency, harmful gas contamination, high temperature operation, and risky CO management. We herein report a high carbon efficiency (ca. 100 %) conversion of biochar to C H through an electrolytic synthesis of solid CaC in molten CaCl /KCl/CaO at 973 K.

Prevalence of mouth breathing, with or without nasal obstruction, in children with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Background: Mouth breathing (MB) is a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The main objectives of our study were to evaluate whether parents' and physician's diagnose of MB were concordant and to evaluate the prevalence of nasal obstruction in children with OSA and MB.

Methods: Ninety-three children (median age: 10.

[Secondary cheiloplasty in the treatment of cleft lip and palates].

In the course of treatment of cleft lip and palates, the quality of primary cheilo-rhinoplasty is essential to limit aesthetic and functional complications. This is why these primary reconstructions come under the domain of specialised centres with multidisciplinary teams. Unfortunately, residual imperfections often remain, especially in bilateral clefts, and secondary cheiloplasties represent for us a complex challenge.

New surgical method of tongue reduction for macroglossia: technical note.

Objective: We describe here a new surgical technique, which allows for efficient tongue reduction with satisfactory appearance and avoids the complications of tip excision.

Study Design: This is a retrospective case review that includes 6 patients who had macroglossia and underwent tongue reduction using our new central V-shaped excision technique. Three patients were operated on at an early age because of significant macroglossia with permanent tongue protrusion, cosmetic disorder, and speech delay.

Extensive abdominal lipomatosis in a patient with Noonan/LEOPARD syndrome (Noonan syndrome-Multiple Lentigines).

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a tumor predisposing disorder. Leukemia is observed in 1-3% of patients with NS, with rare occurrences of solid tumors. It also appears to predispose to non-malignant tumors.

Two congenital cases of pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization for melanocytic tumors: case reports and review of these recent topics.

The term 'pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma' (PEM) has recently been proposed as a nosological framework grouping lesions formerly known as animal-type melanomas, sporadic epithelioid blue nevi and Carney complex-associated epithelioid blue nevi. Congenital PEMs have been reported extremely rarely and their prognosis is poorly known. Four-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for melanocytic lesions is a recent method developed to assess the malignant potential of ambiguous melanocytic lesions.

Dental agenesis in Kallmann syndrome individuals with FGFR1 mutations.

Background: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by central hypogonadism with a lack of sense of smell and in some cases renal aplasia, deafness, syndactyly, cleft lip/palate, and dental agenesis. To date, five genes for KS have been identified: KAL1, located on the X chromosome, and FGFR1, PROKR2, PROK2 and FGF8, which are involved in autosomally transmitted forms of KS.

Aim: The study characterised the dental ageneses of individuals with KS associated with mutations in the FGFR1 gene.

Dynamic sorption of ammonium by sandy soil in fixed bed columns: Evaluation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport processes.

The release of excess nitrogen-containing compounds into groundwater is a major concern in aquifer recharge by the Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) process. Ammonium (NH(4)(+)) is one of the most nocive and common nitrogen compounds in wastewaters. In order to assess the risk of wastewater use for aquifer recharge, NH(4)(+)adsorption onto Souhil wadi soil sampled from the SAT pilot plant (Nabeul, Tunisia) was studied using laboratory columns experiments.

Severe snoring in a child with pycnodysostosis treated with a bilateral rib graft.

Pycnodysostosis is a rare osteopetrotic disorder. This report describes a case of a 3(1/2)-year-old boy with pycnodysostosis who presented with severe snoring. The snoring was the result of a pharyngeal narrowing due to a hypoplastic mandible.

Michels syndrome, Carnevale syndrome, OSA syndrome, and Malpuech syndrome: variable expression of a single disorder (3MC syndrome)?

We report on a 3-year-old girl with Michels syndrome, a rare condition characterized by craniosynostosis, blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus, cleft lip/palate, abnormal supra-umbilical abdominal wall, and mental deficiency. The phenotypic findings are compared with the six previously reported Michels cases, and with patients referred to as Carnevale, OSA, and Malpuech syndromes. Michels syndrome is characterized by cleft lip and palate, anterior chamber anomalies, blepharophimosis, epicanthus inversus, and craniosynostosis.

Interactions between Hox-negative cephalic neural crest cells and the foregut endoderm in patterning the facial skeleton in the vertebrate head.

The vertebrate face contains bones that differentiate from mesenchymal cells of neural crest origin, which colonize the median nasofrontal bud and the first branchial arches. The patterning of individual facial bones and their relative positions occurs through mechanisms that remained elusive. During the early stages of head morphogenesis, an endodermal cul-de-sac, destined to become Sessel's pouch, underlies the nasofrontal bud.

[Hemifacial microsomia. Embryological and clinical approach].

Hemifacial microsomia is an otomandibular dysplasia which includes congenital malformations affecting the jaw and ear apparatus. The knowledge of normal embryonic development is a prerequisite for optimal clinical management of those malformations. The development of craniofacial structures is a multi-step process, which involves many developmental events ranging from the migration of neural crest cells from the neural folds of the young neurula embryo to molecular signaling interactions that coordinate outgrowth and patterning of the facial primordia.

A case of primitive floor of the mouth paraganglioma in a child: an embryological theory unifying viscerocranium appended paragangliomas.

Background: Paragangliomas are unusual tumors in the head and neck originating from the paraganglia or glomus cells of neural crest origin.

Methods: We describe the first case of a primitive paraganglioma of the floor of the mouth presenting in childhood.

Results: Complete surgical removal was performed after embolization of the left lingual artery.

[Progressive hemifacial atrophy in the young patient: surgical problems in children].

Parry-Romberg syndrome is characterized by a limited progressive hemifacial atrophy. For young patients, the surgeon has to deal with two tendencies: the patient's growth and the course of the syndrome. When managing such an unpredictable disease, the surgeon has to make a guess about the future course of the structural movements.

[Progressive hemifacial atrophy in the young patient: physiopathologic hypotheses, diagnosis and therapy].

Parry-Romberg syndrome is characterized by a limited progressive hemifacial atrophy. Since its first description in 1825, this syndrome has aroused interrogation and reflection about is pathophysiology, its variable clinical expression and its progression. The first part of this focuses on the different hypotheses advanced to date to explain this type of atrophy.

[The importance of early surgery in preventing the esthetic sequelae of cervicofacial mucocutaneous hemangiomas in children].

Infants with cutaneous hemangiomas are classically managed medically, well-defined surgery being planned for esthetic correction at the age of 8 to 10 years. We present a series of 65 cases of early surgery in children with head and neck cutaneous or mucosal hemangiomas where irreversible and unesthetic scars were predictable. The surgical procedure was simple and the cosmetic result was better than could be expected after late surgery, limiting psychological consequences.

Description of cutaneous excision and suture using a mathematical model.

Mathematical models are being developed at a fast rate in industry thanks to computer technology; they are used to simulate motion and deformation over time to test materials and objects in a virtual manner. These modeling techniques are being developed in medicine, but they remain, at this time, in the domain of biomechanical research. We report a mathematical model for cutaneous excision and suture, which we have used to predict the deformations and tensions that result when using four different forms of excision.

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome with cleft lip and bilateral dermal thymus.

Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate that the branchiooculo-facial (BOF) syndrome is a cervicocephalic neural crest maldevelopment.

Results: Using an embryologic study, we linked the clinical features and the level of the neural crest deficiency. We report here two cases of BOF syndrome with a particular branchial cleft presenting as bilateral supernumerary thymus glands on the surface of the skin; one of the cases was associated with tetralogy of Fallot.

Cervicofacial hemangioma and a minor sternal malformation: inclusion in PHACES syndrome?

Hemangiomas are frequent in childhood, but those associated to dysmorphic anomalies are rare. We report a young girl with hemangiomas of the face, neck, and upper trunk, severe laryngeal dyspnea, and sternal atrophic skin without sternal nonunion, probably corresponding to a minor form of PHACES syndrome.

[The significance and role of speech therapy in rehabilitation after lip surgery].

Post-operative functional rehabilitation of the orofacial region has greatly benefited from progress in orthophony. Technical know-how in pediatric patients can be adapted to the specific requirements of postoperative rehabilitation in children.

[Congenital giant blue nevus. Apropos of a case].

A case of a three years old girl showing a congenital giant blue nevus, in the neck and the occipital region, is presented. The giant blue nevus was associated to an important cutaneous nevomatosis. The treatment has consisted of an surgical excision of an surgical excision of the main lesion, and operative continuations have been simple.

[Infra-orbital nerve block in early primary cheiloplasty].

A prospective study have studied the effect of infraorbital block during anesthesia in infants with a cleft lip. The study was conducted during the year 1994, in the hospital Necker Enfants-malades. During this period 51 cleft lip surgery were performed.

[Use of iterative expansion in the early surgical treatment of complex nevi of the head in children].

Extensive of congenital pigmented nevi to the face in an infant is an indication for early exeresis to prevent the risk of degeneration. Search for the best esthetic result has led many authors to healthy skin to a maximum, often relying on tissue expansion. The aim of this study was to present the combination of two expansion techniques, prosthetic expansion and differed natural expansion.

Surgical treatment of large cutaneous lesions of the back in children by concentric cutaneous mobilization.

Excision of large cutaneous lesions of the back, such as giant nevi in children, represents a major surgical challenge. Actually, many authors use tissue expanders. Recently, we have proposed, through a better evaluation of the biomechanical properties of the skin, a natural expansion mode using the postoperative tension.

[Complex facial nevus in children treated by combination of prosthetic and deferred natural expansions].

Congenital pigmented naevi of the face in children represent indications for early excision and the search for the best aesthetic result has led the authors to prefer the use of skin expansion techniques. The case presented here illustrates the combined use of two expansion techniques: prosthetic expansion and natural differed expansion. This procedure gives good cosmetic results at a moderate overall cost.