Enteral administration of crushed rilpivirine in a patient with HIV: A case report.

Antiretroviral therapy administration is challenging in patients with HIV requiring enteral nutrition. There are limited pharmacokinetic data available regarding the absorption of crushed rilpivirine (RPV) and its impact on drug bioavailability, plasma concentrations and, consequently, the efficacy of treatment. We present the case of a 60-year-old woman with HIV diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma who needed enteral administration of antiretroviral therapy following the insertion of a gastrotomy tube in September 2018.

Effect of open-lung vs conventional perioperative ventilation strategies on postoperative pulmonary complications after on-pump cardiac surgery: the PROVECS randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: To evaluate whether a perioperative open-lung ventilation strategy prevents postoperative pulmonary complications after elective on-pump cardiac surgery.

Methods: In a pragmatic, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial, we assigned patients planned for on-pump cardiac surgery to either a conventional ventilation strategy with no ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and lower perioperative positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels (2 cm HO) or an open-lung ventilation strategy that included maintaining ventilation during CPB along with perioperative recruitment maneuvers and higher PEEP levels (8 cm HO). All study patients were ventilated with low-tidal volumes before and after CPB (6 to 8 ml/kg of predicted body weight).

Antibiotic use for respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims: A cohort survey and review of the literature.

Background: To evaluate the occurrence and determinants associated with antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) among Hajj pilgrims.

Methods: Prospective cohort surveys were conducted among French pilgrims from 2012 to 2017. We also conducted a systematic review about available evidence for antibiotic consumption in relation with RTIs during the Hajj.

The Presence of DNA on the Skin of Homeless People and Its Relationship With Body Lice Infestation. Preliminary Results.

The presence of was demonstrated in body lice, however, little is known about the mechanism of natural lice infection. In 2013 and 2014, cross-sectional one-day studies were therefore performed within two Marseille homeless shelters to assess the presence of DNA on human skin, blood and in body lice collected from the same homeless individuals. All 332 participants completed questionnaires, were examined for dermatologic signs, and provided four skin samples (hair, neck, armpits, and pelvic belt), blood samples and body lice (if any).

Acquisition of respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens among health care workers during the 2015 Hajj season.

Background: Data on the risk of transmission of infection to health care workers (HCWs) serving ill pilgrims during the Hajj is scarce.

Methods: Two cohorts of HCWs, the first serving Hajj pilgrims in Mecca and the second serving patients in Al-Ahsa, were investigated for respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and pathogen carriage using multiplex polymerase chain reaction before and after the 2015 Hajj.

Results: A total of 211 HCWs were enrolled of whom 92 were exposed to pilgrims (Mecca cohort), whereas 119 were not exposed (Al-Ahsa cohort).

Clinical respiratory infections and pneumonia during the Hajj pilgrimage: A systematic review.

Background: The Islamic Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the world's largest annual mass gatherings. Inevitable overcrowding during the pilgrims' stay greatly increases the risk of acquiring and spreading infectious diseases, especially respiratory diseases.

Method: The MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for all relevant papers published prior to February 2018 that evaluated the prevalence of clinical symptoms of respiratory infections, including pneumonia, among Hajj pilgrims, as well as their influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status.

A systematic review of emerging respiratory viruses at the Hajj and possible coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Background: The annual Hajj to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia attracts millions of pilgrims from around the world. International health community's attention goes towards this mass gathering and the possibility of the development of any respiratory tract infections due to the high risk of acquisition of respiratory viruses.

Method: We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases for relevant papers describing the prevalence of respiratory viruses among Hajj pilgrims.

Tropheryma whipplei associated with diarrhoea in young children.

Tropheryma whipplei was detected in preliminary studies in faeces of young children with diarrhoea and also in faeces of asymptomatic persons, not only in Europe but also in Africa. In this study, the link between this bacterium and the presence of acute diarrhoea was evaluated in a large group of children. From December 2009 to January 2013, rectal swabs collected from 3796 children in the emergency departments of university hospitals in Marseille, France, were analysed: 555 children (245 female and 310 male, from 6 days to 6 years old) with acute diarrhoea defined as at least three loose stools per day for <1 week and 3241 children (1444 female and 1797 male, from 22 days to 6 years old) without diarrhoea.

Mass Gatherings and the Spread of Respiratory Infections. Lessons from the Hajj.

The mass gathering of people is a potential source for developing, propagating, and disseminating infectious diseases on a global scale. Of the illnesses associated with mass gatherings, respiratory tract infections are the most common, the most easily transmitted, and the most likely to be spread widely beyond the site of the meeting by attendees returning home. Many factors contribute to the spread of these infections during mass gatherings, including crowding, the health of the attendees, and the type and location of meetings.

The spectrum of respiratory pathogens among returning Hajj pilgrims: myths and reality.

Enhanced surveillance systems have been implemented recently in many countries in order to rapidly detect and investigate any possible cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection among travellers returning from the Middle East, including notably Hajj pilgrims. According to the available surveillance data, only a few sporadic travel-associated MERS-CoV cases have been reported outside the Arabian Peninsula so far, mainly in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. These have resulted in no cases, or limited numbers of secondary cases except in Korea.

Hajj-associated viral respiratory infections: A systematic review.

Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the most common infections transmitted between Hajj pilgrims. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of virus carriage potentially responsible for RTI among pilgrims before and after participating in the Hajj. A systematic search for relevant literature was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

The inevitable Hajj cough: Surveillance data in French pilgrims, 2012-2014.

Background: Respiratory tract infections are the most common infection affecting Hajj pilgrims, and the ''Hajj cough'' is considered by pilgrims almost de rigueur.

Methods: French pilgrims were recruited between January 2012-December 2014 and information on demographics, medical history, compliance with preventive measures and health problems during travel were collected.

Results: A total of 382 pilgrims were included with 39.

Epidemiology of Injuries Caused by Mammals Treated in Emergency Departments in Marseille, France.

A total of 304 patients with mammal-related injuries were included over the 2-year survey period (1.5% of total admissions) at the emergency departments of a large city in southern France. Admissions peaked during the summer months.

Molecular dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Hajj pilgrims.

During the 2012 Hajj season, the risk of acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a cohort of French pilgrims was 22.8%, and was statistically associated with the acquisition of viral respiratory pathogens (p 0.03).

Acquisition of extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Newport by pilgrims during Hajj.

Gatherings like the Hajj involving many people who travel from different parts of the world represent a risk for the acquisition and dissemination of infectious diseases. In this study, acquisition of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in 2013 Hajj pilgrims from Marseille, France, was investigated.

Diarrhea at the Hajj and Umrah.

This systematic review aims to summarize the incidence and etiology of diarrheal illness among pilgrims attending the Hajj and Umrah. Gastroenteritis and diarrhea have been potential threats during previous Hajj pilgrimages. The last cases of Hajj related cholera were reported in 1989.

French Hajj pilgrims' experience with pneumococcal infection and vaccination: A knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) evaluation.

Background: Transmission of respiratory infections poses a major public health challenge during the Hajj and Umrah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Acquisition of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Hajj has been studied in the past and recommendations for vaccination against S. pneumoniae have been made for high risk groups.

Foot ailments during Hajj: A short report.

A study of ailments of the feet in pilgrims of Hajj revealed that 31% of them suffered from blisters, and the prevalence was five times higher in females. The presence of comorbidity (diabetes, obesity and advanced age) warrants immediate attention to them to avoid serious complications.

Respiratory viruses and bacteria among pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj.

Pilgrims returning from the Hajj might contribute to international spreading of respiratory pathogens. Nasal and throat swab specimens were obtained from 129 pilgrims in 2013 before they departed from France and before they left Saudi Arabia, and tested by PCR for respiratory viruses and bacteria. Overall, 21.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions for the prevention of respiratory tract infections during Hajj pilgrimage.

Overcrowding during the yearly Hajj mass gatherings is associated with increased risk of spreading infectious diseases, particularly respiratory diseases. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g.

Occurrence of Tropheryma whipplei during diarrhea in Hajj pilgrims: a PCR analysis of paired rectal swabs.

Background: Tropheryma whipplei was recently associated with gastroenteritis in children. We hypothesize that T. whipplei may be a contributing microbe in traveller's diarrhea.