Iodide manipulation using zinc additives for efficient perovskite solar minimodules.

Interstitial iodides are the most critical type of defects in perovskite solar cells that limits efficiency and stability. They can be generated during solution, film, and device processing, further accelerating degradation. Herein, we find that introducing a small amount of a zinc salt- zinc trifluoromethane sulfonate (Zn(OOSCF)) in the perovskite solution can control the iodide defects in resultant perovskites ink and films.