The fundamentals of eye tracking part 4: Tools for conducting an eye tracking study.

Researchers using eye tracking are heavily dependent on software and hardware tools to perform their studies, from recording eye tracking data and visualizing it, to processing and analyzing it. This article provides an overview of available tools for research using eye trackers and discusses considerations to make when choosing which tools to adopt for one's study.

Gaze-action coupling, gaze-gesture coupling, and exogenous attraction of gaze in dyadic interactions.

In human interactions, gaze may be used to acquire information for goal-directed actions, to acquire information related to the interacting partner's actions, and in the context of multimodal communication. At present, there are no models of gaze behavior in the context of vision that adequately incorporate these three components. In this study, we aimed to uncover and quantify patterns of within-person gaze-action coupling, gaze-gesture and gaze-speech coupling, and coupling between one person's gaze and another person's manual actions, gestures, or speech (or exogenous attraction of gaze) during dyadic collaboration.

Hope for the best or prepare for the worst? Calm perseverance, not vigilant monitoring, contributes to adolescent life satisfaction.

Objective: Which kind of self-regulatory strategies contribute to life satisfaction in adolescence?

Materials And Methods: In the present research, we tested two competing hypotheses arguing that either a strategy of vigilant monitoring of opportunities for working towards goal achievement or a calm perseverance strategy steadily working towards goals in a slower pace would promote life satisfaction in a large and diverse sample of adolescents. We also tested whether the employment of these strategies would hinge on perceptions of goal importance and goal attainability.

Results: Employing a longitudinal design, we found support that calm perseverance was the sole significant predictor of life satisfaction regardless of goal perceptions.

Multiomic analyses uncover immunological signatures in acute and chronic coronary syndromes.

Acute and chronic coronary syndromes (ACS and CCS) are leading causes of mortality. Inflammation is considered a key pathogenic driver of these diseases, but the underlying immune states and their clinical implications remain poorly understood. Multiomic factor analysis (MOFA) allows unsupervised data exploration across multiple data types, identifying major axes of variation and associating these with underlying molecular processes.

The Effect of Using a Client-Accessible Health Record on Perceived Quality of Care: Interview Study Among Parents and Adolescents.

Background: Patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) are assumed to enhance the quality of care, expressed in terms of safety, effectiveness, timeliness, person centeredness, efficiency, and equity. However, research on the impact of PAEHRs on the perceived quality of care among parents, children, and adolescents is largely lacking. In the Netherlands, a PAEHR (Iuvenelis) was developed for preventive child health care and youth care.

Enhancing interprofessional teamwork between youth care professionals using an electronic health record; a mixed methods intervention study.

We aimed to investigate whether using a shared electronic patient record (EPR-Youth) strengthened interprofessional teamwork among professionals in youth care and child healthcare. Using a mixed-methods design, we compared two partly overlapping samples of professionals, who completed questionnaires before the introduction of EPR-Youth ( = 117) and 24 months thereafter ( = 127). Five components of interprofessional teamwork (interdependence, newly created professional activities, flexibility, collective ownership of goals, and reflection on processes) were assessed for this study.

In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Pickering Emulsion-Based Powders of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFA) are essential nutrients for human health and have been linked to a variety of health benefits, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, a spray-dried powder formulation based on Pickering emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has been developed. The formulation was compared in vitro and in vivo to reference emulsions (conventional Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System, SEDDS) to formulate -3 PUFA pharmaceutical products, specifically in free fatty acid form.

The role of attention and health goals in nudging healthy food choice.

Introduction: Nudging is a promising intervention technique that supports people in pursuing their healthy eating goals. Recent research suggests that, despite previous assumptions, disclosure of the presence of a nudge does not compromise nudge effectiveness. However, it is unknown whether attention to a nudge affects nudge effects.

Selecting cardiac magnetic resonance images suitable for annotation of pulmonary arteries using an active-learning based deep learning model.

An increasing and aging patient population poses a growing burden on healthcare professionals. Automation of medical imaging diagnostics holds promise for enhancing patient care and reducing manpower required to accommodate an increasing patient-population. Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, has the potential to facilitate automated diagnostics, but commonly requires large-scaled labeled datasets.

Cross-talk between B cells, microglia and macrophages, and implications to central nervous system compartmentalized inflammation and progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: B cells can be enriched within meningeal immune-cell aggregates of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, adjacent to subpial cortical demyelinating lesions now recognized as important contributors to progressive disease. This subpial demyelination is notable for a 'surface-in' gradient of neuronal loss and microglial activation, potentially reflecting the effects of soluble factors secreted into the CSF. We previously demonstrated that MS B-cell secreted products are toxic to oligodendrocytes and neurons.

Hybridizing machine learning in survival analysis of cardiac PET/CT imaging.

Background: Machine Learning (ML) allows integration of the numerous variables delivered by cardiac PET/CT, while traditional survival analysis can provide explainable prognostic estimates from a restricted number of input variables. We implemented a hybrid ML-and-survival analysis of multimodal PET/CT data to identify patients who developed myocardial infarction (MI) or death in long-term follow up.

Methods: Data from 739 intermediate risk patients who underwent coronary CT and selectively stress O-water-PET perfusion were analyzed for the occurrence of MI and all-cause mortality.

Implementation of EPR-Youth, a Client-Accessible and Multidisciplinary Health Record; A Mixed-Methods Process Evaluation.

Introduction: Client-accessible interdisciplinary health records potentially contribute to integrated care by facilitating collaboration and enhancing clients' involvement in care. To achieve this, three Dutch organizations providing 'care for youth' developed a fully client-accessible electronic patient record (EPR-Youth).

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of EPR-Youth and to determine barriers and facilitators.

GlassesValidator: A data quality tool for eye tracking glasses.

According to the proposal for a minimum reporting guideline for an eye tracking study by Holmqvist et al. (2022), the accuracy (in degrees) of eye tracking data should be reported. Currently, there is no easy way to determine accuracy for wearable eye tracking recordings.

Effect of using client-accessible youth health records on experienced autonomy among parents and adolescents in preventive child healthcare and youth care: A mixed methods intervention study.

Client autonomy is important in Dutch youth care. It correlates positively with mental and physical health and can be strengthened by professional autonomy-supportive behaviour. Aiming for client autonomy, three youth care organisations co-developed a client-accessible youth health record (EPR-Youth).

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis.

Background: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery.

Results: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches.

How robust are wearable eye trackers to slow and fast head and body movements?

How well can modern wearable eye trackers cope with head and body movement? To investigate this question, we asked four participants to stand still, walk, skip, and jump while fixating a static physical target in space. We did this for six different eye trackers. All the eye trackers were capable of recording gaze during the most dynamic episodes (skipping and jumping).

Snacking for a reason: detangling effects of socio-economic position and stress on snacking behaviour.

Background: As snacking can be considered a cornerstone of an unhealthy diet, investigating psychological drivers of snacking behaviour is urgent, and therefore the purpose of this study. Socio-economic position (SEP) and stress are known to affect many behaviours and outcomes, and were therefore focal points in the study.

Methods: In a cross-sectional survey study, we examined whether Socio-economic position (SEP) would amplify associations between heightened stress levels and self-reported negative-affect related reasons for snacking.

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study.

Eye contact is essential for human interactions. We investigated whether humans are able to avoid eye contact while navigating crowds. At a science festival, we fitted 62 participants with a wearable eye tracker and instructed them to walk a route.