Probiotic neoantigen delivery vectors for precision cancer immunotherapy.

Microbial systems have been synthetically engineered to deploy therapeutic payloads in vivo. With emerging evidence that bacteria naturally home in on tumours and modulate antitumour immunity, one promising application is the development of bacterial vectors as precision cancer vaccines. Here we engineered probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as an antitumour vaccination platform optimized for enhanced production and cytosolic delivery of neoepitope-containing peptide arrays, with increased susceptibility to blood clearance and phagocytosis.