Social-Economic Backgrounds to US County-Based COVID-19 Deaths: PLS-SEM Analysis.

Unlabelled: A complex interplay of social, economic, and environmental factors drove the COVID-19 epidemic. Understanding these factors is crucial in explaining the racial disparities observed in COVID-19 deaths. This research investigated various hypotheses, including ecological, racial, demographic, economic, and political party factors, to determine their impact on COVID-19 deaths.

External influences on drug treatment interventions: East Palo Alto's Free-at-Last.

Unlabelled: External influences on community-based drug treatment program outcomes have not been adequately accounted by either treatment providers or evaluators. In 2001-2003, a cohort of 197 African American and Latino crack cocaine and heroin users was interviewed at intake into the Free-at-Last's treatment program in East Palo Alto, California.

Objective: The goal of this research was to identify, and then measure, the impact of a series of theory-based, hypothesized external influences on 3 client treatment outcomes: (1) program completers, (2) dropouts, and (3) referrals to more intensive inpatient treatment.

Drug treatment clients and their community peers: how they differ.

Free-at-Last is a drug treatment program in East Palo Alto, California, a low-income predominantly African American community in Silicon Valley. In this research, a cohort of treatment clients was compared to a random sample of community residents. Both groups used drugs.

Harm reduction for drug abusing ex-offenders: outcome of the California prevention and education project MORE project.

MORE was a mobile outreach drug abuse prevention and HIV harm reduction program primarily for ex-offenders who are active drug users. Through case management, clients were provided substance abuse education, counseling, and referral. Long term goals of these services were to reduce their drug use and re-incarceration for drug related crimes.

Outreach-based drug treatment for sex trading women: the Cal-Pep risk-reduction demonstration project.

Background: California Prevention Education Program (Cal-Pep) provides street outreach services to injection drugs users and sex traders in Oakland and San Francisco, CA, to reduce their chances of contracting HIV/AIDS. Drug treatment is an effective barrier to HIV infections, but only clients who are ready for total abstinence from drug use can be referred to traditional treatment. Drug treatment readiness is currently defined by funding policies in the U.

Death in the family and HIV risk-taking among intravenous drug users.

The objective of this study was to ascertain the relationship among intravenous drug users between high levels of HIV risk-taking and both (a) deaths of significant others experienced before age 15, and (b) unresolved mourning; 592 out-of-treatment intravenous drug users (71.4% male; mean age = 40.5), stratified as to zip code, were recruited in San Jose, CA, as part of a CDC multisite investigation of access to sterile needles and HIV infection.