State of the Science: Disgust and the Anxiety Disorders.

Anxiety disorders have long been conceptualized as disorders of fear, while other emotions have largely been overlooked. However, an emerging literature has increasingly implicated disgust in certain anxiety-related disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias (e.g.

The digital divide between primary and secondary care: An analysis using SARS-CoV-2 hospital admissions.

Using data from two ED. departments of 773 patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2, ICD-10 codes derived from the General Practitioner - Summary Care Record (GP-SCR) and Emergency Department (ED.) records were analysed for code discrepancies and whether this related to increased mortality.

Polycomb repressive complex 2 is critical for mouse cortical glutamatergic neuron development.

The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) regulates corticogenesis, yet the consequences of mutations to this epigenetic modifier in the mature brain are poorly defined. Importantly, PRC2 core genes are haploinsufficient and causative of several human neurodevelopmental disorders. To address the role of PRC2 in mature cortical structure and function, we conditionally deleted the PRC2 gene Eed from the developing mouse dorsal telencephalon.

A protocol for high-resolution episcopic microscopy and 3D volumetric analyses of the adult mouse brain.

The rapid evolution of different imaging modalities in the last two decades has enabled the investigation of the role of different genes in development and disease to be studied in a range of model organisms. However, selection of the appropriate imaging technique depends on a number of constraints, including cost, time, image resolution, size of the sample, computational complexity and processing power. Here, we use the adult mouse central nervous system to investigate whether High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM) can provide an effective means to study the volume of individual subregions within the brain.

Is disgust more resistant to extinction than fear? A meta-analytic review of laboratory paradigms.

Disgust can be acquired via evaluative conditioning; a process by which a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus; CS) comes to be evaluated as disgusting due to its pairing with an inherently disgusting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus; US). Research has shown that conditioned disgust responses are resistant to extinction which may have implications for disorders (i.e.

Cellular and molecular functions of SETD2 in the central nervous system.

The covalent modification of histones is critical for many biological functions in mammals, including gene regulation and chromatin structure. Posttranslational histone modifications are added and removed by specialised 'writer' and 'eraser' enzymes, respectively. One such writer protein implicated in a wide range of cellular processes is SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2), a histone methyltransferase that catalyses the trimethylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36me3).

Super-Resolution Ultrasound Localization Microscopy Using High-Frequency Ultrasound to Measure Ocular Perfusion Velocity in the Rat Eye.

Imaging of the ocular vasculature can provide new insights into the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. This study proposes a novel high-frequency super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy (SRULM) technique and evaluates its ability to measure in vivo perfusion changes in the rat eye at elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). A 38.

Probing Edge/Support Electronic Cooperativity in Single Edge Fe/CoSe Clusters.

This study provides insights into the electronic structure of an atomically precise Fe/CoSe cluster and the extent of redox cooperativity between the Fe active site and the noninnocent CoSe support. Chemical oxidation studies enable the isolation of two types of oxidized Fe/CoSe clusters, in which the nature of the counterion (I or OTf) significantly impacts the structural interactions between Fe and the CoSe unit. Experimental characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction, Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and P{H} NMR spectroscopy is complemented by computational analysis.

Metal/Support Interactions Regulate Substrate Binding in Fe/Co/Se Cluster Catalysts.

Here, we investigate the stereoelectronic requirements of a family of Fe/CoSe molecular clusters to achieve a Goldilocks regime of substrate affinity for the catalytic coupling of tosyl azide and -butyl isocyanide. The reactivity of a catalytically competent iron-nitrenoid intermediate, observed , is explored toward nitrene transfer and hydrogen-atom abstraction. The dual role of isocyanide, which, on the one hand, prevents catalyst degradation but, in large amounts, slows down reactivity, is exposed.

Temporal patterns of antibiotic prescribing for sore throat, otitis media, and sinusitis: a longitudinal study of general practitioner registrars.

Background: Antibiotics provide minimal benefit for sore throat, otitis media, and sinusitis. Antibiotic stewardship, with reduced prescribing, is required to address antibiotic resistance. As most antibiotic prescribing occurs in general practice and prescribing habits develop early, general practitioner (GP) trainees (registrars) are important for effective antibiotic stewardship.

Work-based feedback conversations with GP teachers.

Introduction: Feedback may play out in the general practice workplace less usefully than anticipated by educators. We investigated work-based feedback conversations about directly observed student tasks embedded in the supervisor's clinical consultations with patients.

Methods: Feedback conversations between GP teachers and medical students and subsequent student reflections were audio-recorded.

Were there losses in social support during the pandemic? Testing the impact of COVID-19 on psychological adjustment to trauma in United States adults.

Introduction: Social support is a key protective factor in the psychological adjustment of individuals to traumatic events. However, since March 2020, extant research has revealed evidence of increased loneliness, social isolation, and disconnection, likely due to COVID-19 pandemic-related recommendations that restricted day-to-day contact with others.

Methods: In this investigation, we applied a case-control design to test the direct impacts of the pandemic on social support in United States adults recovering from a significant injury caused by PTSD-qualifying, traumatic events (e.

Metal-Support Interactions in Molecular Single-Site Cluster Catalysts.

This study provides atomistic insights into the interface between a single-site catalyst and a transition metal chalcogenide support and reveals that peak catalytic activity occurs when edge/support redox cooperativity is maximized. A molecular platform MCoSe(PEt)(L) (-M, M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) was designed in which the active site (M)/support (CoSe) interactions are interrogated by systematically probing the electronic and structural changes that occur as the identity of the metal varies. All 3d transition metal -M clusters display remarkable catalytic activity for coupling tosyl azide and -butyl isocyanide, with Mn and Co derivatives showing the fastest turnover in the series.

Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycans IMPG1 and IMPG2 proteolyze in the SEA domain and reveal localization mutual dependency.

The interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) is a specialized extracellular mesh of molecules surrounding the inner and outer segments of photoreceptor neurons. Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 1 and 2 (IMPG1 and IMPG2) are major components of the IPM. Both proteoglycans possess SEA (sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin) domains, which may support proteolysis.

Multi-active Site Dynamics on a Molecular Cr/Co/Se Cluster Catalyst.

This study uncovers the interconnected reactivity of the three catalytically active sites of an atomically precise nanocluster Cr(py)CoSeL ((py), L = PhPNTol, Ph = phenyl, Tol = 4-tolyl). Catalytic and stoichiometric studies into tosyl azide activation and carbodiimide formation enabled the isolation and crystallographic characterization of key catalytically competent metal-imido intermediates, including the tris(imido) cluster (NTs), the catalytic resting state (NTs)(CNBu), and the site-differentiated mono(imido) cluster (NTs)(CNBu). In the stoichiometric regime, nitrene transfer proceeds via a stepwise mechanism, with the three active sites engaging sequentially to produce carbodiimide.

Does past military experience impact fear reactivity in active-duty firefighters? Well, it is complicated.

Objective: A significant proportion of military veterans successfully transition out of the military into civilian careers as first responders, such as firefighters. Like military service, being a firefighter is a high-risk profession involving exposure to aversive environments. Thus, it is possible that military experience might serve to buffer or exacerbate risk for negative psychological outcomes in firefighters.

Patterns of concomitant injury in thoracic spine fractures.

Background: Thoracic spine fractures (TSFs) are rarely isolated injuries, and they tend to present with a characteristic set of vertebral and non-vertebral injuries based on mechanism of injury. There is limited research on the rates and distribution of injuries that occur concurrently with TSFs. The purpose of this study is to characterize the distributions of these injuries by region of the body and by mechanisms of injury, so that trauma and spine surgeons can efficiently evaluate and treat patients presenting with TSFs.

Redox-Switchable Allosteric Effects in Molecular Clusters.

We demonstrate that allosteric effects and redox state changes can be harnessed to create a switch that selectively and reversibly regulates the coordination chemistry of a single site on the surface of a molecular cluster. This redox-switchable allostery is employed as a guiding force to assemble the molecular clusters ZnCoSeL' (L' = PhPN(H)Tol, Ph = phenyl, Tol = 4-tolyl) into materials of predetermined dimensionality (1- or 2-D) and to encode them with emissive properties. This work paves the path to program the assembly and function of inorganic clusters into stimuli-responsive, atomically precise materials.

Internalized Nanoceria Modify the Radiation-Sensitivity Profile of MDA MB231 Breast Carcinoma Cells.

Owing to its unique redox properties, cerium oxide (nanoceria) nanoparticles have been shown to confer either radiosensitization or radioprotection to human cells. We investigated nanoceria's ability to modify cellular health and reactive oxygen species (ROS) at various absorbed doses (Gray) of ionizing radiation in MDA-MB231 breast carcinoma cells. We used transmission electron microscopy to visualize the uptake and compartmental localization of nanoceria within cells at various treatment concentrations.

Personality or pathology? Predictors of early substance use in first-year college students.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine the dual role of personality and psychopathology in predicting substance use among first-year students.

Participants: 103 first-semester undergraduate students were recruited via the university subject pool.

Methods: Participants completed personality questionnaires, structured clinical interviews, followed by the completion of diary entries each week reporting on substance use throughout their first semester.

What Drives Preventive Health Behavior During a Global Pandemic? Emotion and Worry.

Background & Purpose: Primary prevention of COVID-19 has focused on encouraging compliance with specific behaviors that restrict contagion. This investigation sought to characterize engagement in these behaviors in U.S.

Dealing with Multi-Dimensional Data and the Burden of Annotation: Easing the Burden of Annotation.

The need for huge data sets represents a bottleneck for the application of artificial intelligence. Substantially fewer annotated target lesions than normal tissues for comparison present an additional problem in the field of pathology. Organic brains overcome these limitations by utilizing large numbers of specialized neural nets arranged in both linear and parallel fashion, with each solving a restricted classification problem.

Tuning the Electronic Structure of Atomically Precise Sn/Co/Se Nanoclusters via Redox Matching of Tin(IV) Surface Sites.

A new strategy is reported to tailor the electronic properties of a superatomic metal chalcogenide cluster by redox matching the cluster core with surface tin(IV) sites. Two ternary clusters (SnR)CoSeL (R = Me, Bu) are synthesized by salt metathesis from the hexalithiated salt [Li(py)]CoSeL and RSnCl. Cyclic and differential-pulse voltammetry studies reveal that the tristannylated clusters feature two new, near-degenerate, electronic states within the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap of the CoSe core, which are attributed to the reduction of a surface tin site.