Establishing trust with children.

Trust forms the bedrock of the doctor-patient relationship. While establishing trust is a foundational skill for healthcare providers who care for children, there is no systematic approach to teaching this skill set, nor is there formal training during medical school or residency. Traditionally, these skills have been taught by example, in an unstructured and ad hoc manner, with trainees picking it up along the way by observing and modeling their instructors.

A Stepwise Guide to Performing Shoulder Ultrasound: The Acromio-Clavicular Joint, Biceps, Subscapularis, Impingement, Supraspinatus Protocol.

Shoulder pain is a common and painful patient condition. Unfortunately, diagnostic imaging of shoulder pain in the emergency department (ED) is often limited to radiography. While diagnostic for fractures and dislocations, drawbacks of radiography include time delays and non-diagnostic imaging in the case of rotator cuff pathology.

Characteristics of and Predictors for Apnea and Clinical Interventions During Procedural Sedation.

Study Objective: We describe the characteristics of and predictors for apnea and clinical interventions during emergency department (ED) procedural sedation.

Methods: High-resolution data were collected prospectively, using a convenience sample of ED patients undergoing propofol or ketofol sedation. End tidal CO (etco), respiratory rate, pulse rate, and SpO were electronically recorded in 1-second intervals.

Fractional quantum Hall phase transitions and four-flux states in graphene.

Graphene and its multilayers have attracted considerable interest because their fourfold spin and valley degeneracy enables a rich variety of broken-symmetry states arising from electron-electron interactions, and raises the prospect of controlled phase transitions among them. Here we report local electronic compressibility measurements of ultraclean suspended graphene that reveal a multitude of fractional quantum Hall states surrounding filling factors ν=-1/2 and -1/4. Several of these states exhibit phase transitions that indicate abrupt changes in the underlying order, and we observe many additional oscillations in compressibility as ν approaches -1/2, suggesting further changes in spin and/or valley polarization.

Unconventional sequence of fractional quantum Hall states in suspended graphene.

Graphene provides a rich platform to study many-body effects, owing to its massless chiral charge carriers and the fourfold degeneracy arising from their spin and valley degrees of freedom. We use a scanning single-electron transistor to measure the local electronic compressibility of suspended graphene, and we observed an unusual pattern of incompressible fractional quantum Hall states that follows the standard composite fermion sequence between filling factors ν = 0 and 1 but involves only even-numerator fractions between ν = 1 and 2. We further investigated this surprising hierarchy by extracting the corresponding energy gaps as a function of the magnetic field.

Graphene on a hydrophobic substrate: doping reduction and hysteresis suppression under ambient conditions.

The intrinsic doping level of graphene prepared by mechanical exfoliation and standard lithography procedures on thermally oxidized silicon varies significantly and seems to depend strongly on processing details and the substrate morphology. Moreover, transport properties of such graphene devices suffer from hysteretic behavior under ambient conditions. The hysteresis presumably originates from dipolar adsorbates on the substrate or graphene surface.

Hot phonons in an electrically biased graphene constriction.

Phonon-carrier interactions can have significant impact on device performance. They can be probed by measuring the phonon lifetime, which reflects the interaction strength of a phonon with other quasi-particles, in particular charge carriers as well as its companion phonons. The carrier phonon and phonon-phonon contributions to the phonon lifetime can be disentangled from temperature-dependent studies.

Raman spectra of epitaxial graphene on SiC and of epitaxial graphene transferred to SiO2.

Raman spectra were measured for mono-, bi-, and trilayer graphene grown on SiC by solid state graphitization, whereby the number of layers was preassigned by angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. It was found that the only unambiguous fingerprint in Raman spectroscopy to identify the number of layers for graphene on SiC(0001) is the line width of the 2D (or D*) peak. The Raman spectra of epitaxial graphene show significant differences as compared to micromechanically cleaved graphene obtained from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystals.