Ophthalmologic toxicities of antineoplastic agents in genitourinary cancers: Mechanisms, management, and clinical implications.

Genitourinary cancers affect over 480,000 patients in the United States annually. While promising therapeutic modalities continue to emerge, notably immune checkpoint inhibitors, molecular targeted therapies, antibody-drug conjugates, and radioligand therapies, these treatments are associated with a spectrum of adverse side-effects, including ophthalmologic toxicities. In this review, we cover the most commonly used antineoplastic agents for the kidneys, bladder, urinary tracts, prostate, testis, and penis, detailing mechanism, indication, and recent trials supporting their use.

FGFR-Altered Urothelial Carcinoma: Resistance Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2/3 alterations have been implicated in tumorigenesis in several malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma. Several FGFR inhibitors have been studied or are in development, and erdafitinib is the sole inhibitor to achieve regulatory approval. Given the rapidly evolving treatment landscape for advanced urothelial carcinoma, including regulatory approvals and withdrawals, determining the most appropriate treatment strategies and sequencing for FGFR-altered urothelial carcinoma is becoming increasing critical.

Pairing the Right Individual with the Right Regimen: Patient Selection Criteria in the Treatment of Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma.

Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab is a very effective regimen in the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma but is difficult to tolerate. We discuss the rationale for establishing patient selection criteria for this combination, taking into consideration the potential for life-altering side effects, limited real-world experience with the regimen among oncologists, patient preferences in balancing treatment effectiveness against toxicity, and the precedent in establishing eligibility criteria for platinum-based chemotherapy.

Inadequate staging and excessive surveillance imaging: Evaluating the magnitude of benefit of targeted therapies in lung cancer.

Several phase III trials have altered the management of oncogenic driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including those harboring EGFR and ALK mutations. However, several of these pivotal trials deviated from standard-of-care practices for either baseline imaging or surveillance imaging. This occurred despite sponsor acknowledgement in a clinical trial protocol that historical trials utilized imaging modalities that potentially under-staged patients.

Patient Preferences for First-Line Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: An Application of Multidimensional Thresholding.

Objectives: Patient preferences have the potential to influence the development of new treatments for locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC), and therefore we explored how patients with la/mUC value different attributes of first-line treatments.

Methods: An online preference survey and multidimensional thresholding (MDT) exercise were developed following a targeted literature review and qualitative interviews with physicians, patients with la/mUC, and their caregivers. Treatment attributes included two benefits (overall response rate [ORR], pain related to bladder cancer [scored 0-100; 100 being the worst pain possible]) and four treatment-related risks (peripheral neuropathy, severe side effects, mild to moderate nausea, mild to moderate skin reactions).

Implications of genetic testing and informed consent before and after genetic testing in individuals with cancer.

Recent advancements in next generation sequencing have allowed for genetic information become more readily available in the clinical setting for those affected by cancer and by treating clinicians. Given the lack of access to geneticists, medical oncologists and other treating physicians have begun ordering and interpreting genetic tests for individuals with cancer through the process of "mainstreaming". While this process has allowed for quicker access to genetic tests, the process of "mainstreaming" has also brought several challenges including the dissemination of variants of unknown significance results, ordering of appropriate tests, and accurate interpretation of genetic results with appropriate follow-up testing and interventions.

Social media engagement of supportive care publications in oncology.

Importance: There is an increasing number of cancer 'survivors' and increasing research into supportive care. However, it is unknown how patterns of attention and citation differ between supportive and non-supportive cancer care research. We sought to estimate the engagement of high-impact studies of supportive compared to non-supportive cancer care papers.

The evolving posology and administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors: subcutaneous formulations.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer care. Recently, atezolizumab gained its first global approval in a subcutaneous (SC) formulation by the UK medicines regulator, being notable as the first time an FDA- and/or European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved ICI has been licensed via this administration route. Here, we discuss this approval, other SC ICIs in development, and the benefits and challenges of this administration route, including potential implications for patient care.

Characterization of Thyroid Cancer among Hispanics in California, USA, from 2010 to 2020.

Background: Previous studies on Hispanic thyroid cancer cases show sex disparities and an increased prevalence of large tumor sizes and nodal involvement. Here, we characterized Hispanic thyroid cancer cases in California.

Methods: We identified thyroid cancer cases from 2010 to 2020 using the California Cancer Registry by sex, race/ethnicity, histology, TNM stage, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and Charlson comorbidity score.

Cardiovascular/anti-inflammatory drugs repurposed for treating or preventing cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Background: Due to encouraging pre-clinical data and supportive observational studies, there has been growing interest in applying cardiovascular drugs (including aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, statins, and metformin) approved to treat diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus to the field of oncology. Moreover, given growing costs with cancer care, these medications have offered a potentially more affordable avenue to treat or prevent recurrence of cancer. We sought to investigate the anti-cancer effects of drugs repurposed from cardiology or anti-inflammatories to treat cancer.

The Overall Survival Benefit in EV-302: Is Enfortumab Vedotin plus Pembrolizumab the New Frontline Standard of Care for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma?

Recent findings reported for the phase 3 EV-302 trial indicate a survival benefit from enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. We discuss several key points regarding post-protocol therapies, extending the duration of therapy, toxicity, and costs, all of which may have a bearing on how physicians and patients balance the benefit against the potential harms associated with this regimen.

Supplement Use and Increased Risks of Cancer: Unveiling the Other Side of the Coin.

There is a rising trend in the consumption of dietary supplements, especially among adults, with the purpose of improving health. While marketing campaigns tout the potential health benefits of using dietary supplements, it is critical to evaluate the potential harmful effects associated with these supplements as well. The majority of the scarce research on the potential harmful effects of vitamins focuses on the acute or chronic toxicities associated with the use of dietary supplements.

Cost effectiveness of immunotherapy combination therapies for endometrial cancer.

Over the past five years (2019-2023), several new targeted therapies and immunotherapy has been approved in treating relapsed cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. Concurrently, there has been growing recognition of financial toxicity associated with cancer care during this time period. As such, we reviewed FDA approvals from 2019 to 2013 and identified the following approvals in gynecologic oncology: pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib, pembrolizumab for recurrent endometrial cancer that is MSI-H/dMMR, tisotumab vedotin, dostarlimab as single-agent therapy, and dostarlimab plus chemotherapy.

A remnant never forgotten: the utility of circulating tumor DNA in treatment guidance of urachal cancer.

Urachal cancer is a rare malignancy of the urachus that is treated with surgical resection if localized and systemic chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a single-stranded or double-stranded DNA released by tumor cells into the blood and harbored the mutations of the original tumor, shedding new light on molecular diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. We report a case of resected localized urachal cancer with clear surgical margins and negative lymph node dissection but elevated ctDNA that progressed to metastatic disease.