Early American Strabismus Surgery: 1840-1845.

The discovery of effective surgical therapy for strabismus was one of the outstanding triumphs of the first half of 19th-century ophthalmology, just prior to the invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1850. Although priority for the development of strabismus surgery belongs to Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach of Germany, who first reported his surgical results in 1839, 4 cases of tenotomy of the medial rectus muscle had been performed in the United States by William Gibson in 1818 but never published. By 1840, the reports of surgery in Europe had rapidly spread to America where surgeons immediately began using these procedures.

Effect of instrument orientation on the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurements in human cadaveric eyes: manometric evaluation of the model 30 classic Pneumatonometer and Tono-Pen XL.

Purpose: To determine the effects of probe orientation on the accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained with pneumatonometry (Model 30 Classic Pneumatonometer, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY) and with a handheld electronic tonometer (Tono-Pen XL, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY).

Materials And Methods: Six enucleated human eyes were obtained fewer than 24 hours postmortem. IOP was maintained at 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg, sequentially, via liquid column manometry.