Novel psychoactive substances-related presentations to the emergency departments of the European drug emergencies network plus (Euro-DEN plus) over the six-year period 2014-2019.

Introduction: Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have been increasingly reported in the last 15-20 years. We aimed to describe presentations to the emergency department (ED) with acute recreational drug toxicity involving NPS.

Methods: Data were extracted from the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN) Plus database for all presentations to ED (36 EDs in 24 European countries) with acute toxicity between January 2014 and December 2019.

Traumatic brain injury in children with thoracic injury: clinical significance and impact on ventilatory management.

Purpose: This study aims to describe the epidemiology and management of chest trauma in our center, and to compare patterns of mechanical ventilation in patients with or without associated moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: All children admitted to our level-1 trauma center from February 2012 to December 2018 following chest trauma were included in this retrospective study.

Results: A total of 75 patients with a median age of 11 [6-13] years, with thoracic injuries were included.

Evolution of inspiratory muscle function in children during mechanical ventilation.

Background: There is no universally accepted method to assess the pressure-generating capacity of inspiratory muscles in children on mechanical ventilation (MV), and no study describing its evolution over time in this population.

Methods: In this prospective observational study, we have assessed the function of the inspiratory muscles in children on various modes of MV. During brief airway occlusion maneuvers, we simultaneously recorded airway pressure depression at the endotracheal tube (ΔPaw, force generation) and electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi, central respiratory drive) over five consecutive inspiratory efforts.

Impact of Failure of Noninvasive Ventilation on the Safety of Pediatric Tracheal Intubation.

Objectives: Noninvasive ventilation is widely used to avoid tracheal intubation in critically ill children. The objective of this study was to assess whether noninvasive ventilation failure was associated with severe tracheal intubation-associated events and severe oxygen desaturation during tracheal intubation.

Design: Prospective multicenter cohort study of consecutive intubated patients using the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children registry.

Monitoring of Respiratory Muscle Function in Critically Ill Children.

Objectives: This review discusses the different techniques used at the bedside to assess respiratory muscle function in critically ill children and their clinical applications.

Data Sources: A scoping review of the medical literature on respiratory muscle function assessment in critically ill children was conducted using the PubMed search engine.

Study Selection: We included all scientific, peer-reviewed studies about respiratory muscle function assessment in critically ill children, as well as some key adult studies.

Mechanical ventilation causes diaphragm dysfunction in newborn lambs.

Background: Diaphragm weakness occurs rapidly in adult animals treated with mechanical ventilation (MV), but the effects of MV on the neonatal diaphragm have not been determined. Furthermore, it is unknown whether co-existent lung disease exacerbates ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD). We investigated the impact of MV (mean duration = 7.

Downward Trend in Pediatric Resident Laryngoscopy Participation in PICUs.

Objectives: As of July 2013, pediatric resident trainee guidelines in the United States no longer require proficiency in nonneonatal tracheal intubation. We hypothesized that laryngoscopy by pediatric residents has decreased over time, with a more pronounced decrease after this guideline change.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Clinical Experience and Impact on Ventilation Pressures.

Background: After pediatric cardiac surgery, ventilation with high airway pressures can be detrimental to right ventricular function and pulmonary blood flow. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) improves patient-ventilator interactions, helping maintain spontaneous ventilation. This study reports our experience with the use of NAVA in children after a cardiac surgery.

Modalities and Complications Associated With the Use of High-Flow Nasal Cannula: Experience in a Pediatric ICU.

Background: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is increasingly used in pediatric ICUs as an intermediate level of support between conventional oxygen delivery and noninvasive ventilation (NIV). The safety of HFNC has seldom been studied, and some cases of barotrauma have been reported. This retrospective study aims to describe HFNC use in a tertiary care pediatric ICU, with a focus on the complications associated with this therapy.

Safety of paediatric tracheal intubation after non-invasive ventilation failure.

Context: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is increasingly used in pediatric intensive care units to limit the complications associated with intubation. However, NIV may fail, and the delay in initiating invasive ventilation may be associated with adverse outcomes. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety of tracheal intubation after NIV failure.