Humidity modifies species-specific and age-dependent heat stress effects in an insect host-parasitoid interaction.

Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events, and may increase humidity levels, leading to coupled thermal and hydric stress. However, how humidity modulates the impacts of heat stress on species and their interactions is currently unknown. Using an insect host-parasitoid interaction: the Indian meal moth, , and its endoparasitoid wasp, , we investigated how humidity interacted with heat stress duration, applied at different host developmental stages, to affect life history traits.