Molecular characterization of two cyanobacterial generitypes from their type localities in Scandinavia.

Over 400 cyanobacterial genera have been described up to the present. Since the Cambridge Rules (https://www.iapt-taxon.

The genomic epidemiology of shigellosis in South Africa.

Shigellosis, a leading cause of diarrhoeal mortality and morbidity globally, predominantly affects children under five years of age living in low- and middle-income countries. While whole genome sequence analysis (WGSA) has been effectively used to further our understanding of shigellosis epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and transmission, it has been under-utilised in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we applied WGSA to large sub-sample of surveillance isolates from South Africa, collected from 2011 to 2015, focussing on Shigella flexneri 2a and Shigella sonnei.

The evolution and international spread of extensively drug resistant Shigella sonnei.

Shigella sonnei causes shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal illness that is sexually transmissible among men who have sex with men (MSM). Multidrug resistance in S. sonnei is common including against World Health Organisation recommended treatment options, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin.

The genomic epidemiology of Escherichia albertii infecting humans and birds in Great Britain.

Escherichia albertii is a recently identified gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen of humans and animals which is typically misidentified as pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli or Shigella species and is generally only detected during genomic surveillance of other Enterobacteriaceae. The incidence of E. albertii is likely underestimated, and its epidemiology and clinical relevance are poorly characterised.

Comparative genomics of reveals species determinants.

is primarily described as a human skin commensal but is now emergent as an opportunistic pathogen isolated from the bloodstream and prosthetic joint infections, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-associated sepsis. We used comparative genomic analyses of to provide new insights into commensal scalp isolates from varying skin states (healthy, dandruff lesional, and non-lesional), and to expand our current knowledge of the species populations (scalp isolates, = 59; other skin isolates, = 7; publicly available isolates, = 120). A highly recombinogenic population structure was revealed, with genomes including the presence of a range of previously described staphylococcal virulence factors, cell wall-associated proteins, and two-component systems.

A tale of two plasmids: contributions of plasmid associated phenotypes to epidemiological success among .

Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mediated through plasmids is a major global concern. Genomic epidemiology studies have shown varying success of different AMR plasmids during outbreaks, but the underlying reasons for these differences are unclear. Here, we investigated two plasmids (pKSR100 and pAPR100) that circulated in the same transmission network but had starkly contrasting epidemiological outcomes to identify plasmid features that may have contributed to the differences.

Pathogenomic analyses of Shigella isolates inform factors limiting shigellosis prevention and control across LMICs.

Shigella spp. are the leading bacterial cause of severe childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are increasingly antimicrobial resistant and have no widely available licenced vaccine. We performed genomic analyses of 1,246 systematically collected shigellae sampled from seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia as part of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) between 2007 and 2011, to inform control and identify factors that could limit the effectiveness of current approaches.

Temporal, Spatial, and Genomic Analyses of Clinical Antimicrobial Resistance in Companion Animals Reveals Phenotypes and Genotypes of One Health Concern.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a globally important one health threat. The impact of resistant infections on companion animals, and the potential public health implications of such infections, has not been widely explored, largely due to an absence of structured population-level data.

Objectives: We aimed to efficiently capture and repurpose antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) results data from several veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) across the United Kingdom to facilitate national companion animal clinical AMR surveillance.

Global population structure and genotyping framework for genomic surveillance of the major dysentery pathogen, Shigella sonnei.

Shigella sonnei is the most common agent of shigellosis in high-income countries, and causes a significant disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. Antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in all settings. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly utilised for S.

Accessory Genome Dynamics and Structural Variation of from Persistent Infections.

Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused mainly by and Infection is thought to be largely self-limiting, with short- to medium-term and serotype-specific immunity provided following clearance. However, cases of men who have sex with men (MSM)-associated shigellosis have been reported where of the same serotype were serially sampled from individuals between 1 and 1,862 days apart, possibly due to persistent carriage or reinfection with the same serotype. Here, we investigate the accessory genome dynamics of MSM-associated and isolates serially sampled from individual patients at various days apart to shed light on the adaptation of these important pathogens during infection.

Stepwise evolution of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 causing bloodstream infection in Africa.

Bloodstream infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella are a major public health concern in Africa, causing ~49,600 deaths every year. The most common Salmonella enterica pathovariant associated with invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease is Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type (ST)313. It has been proposed that antimicrobial resistance and genome degradation has contributed to the success of ST313 lineages in Africa, but the evolutionary trajectory of such changes was unclear.

Combined Catalysis for Engineering Bioinspired, Lignin-Based, Long-Lasting, Adhesive, Self-Mending, Antimicrobial Hydrogels.

The engineering of multifunctional biomaterials using a facile sustainable methodology that follows the principles of green chemistry is still largely unexplored but would be very beneficial to the world. Here, the employment of catalytic reactions in combination with biomass-derived starting materials in the design of biomaterials would promote the development of eco-friendly technologies and sustainable materials. Herein, we disclose the combination of two catalytic cycles (combined catalysis) comprising oxidative decarboxylation and quinone-catechol redox catalysis for engineering lignin-based multifunctional antimicrobial hydrogels.

Evidence of validity for the Norwegian version of the interprofessional collaborative competency attainment survey (ICCAS).

This was a validation study of the Norwegian version of The Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS). ICCAS consists of 20 retrospective pre- and post-questions, where respondents rate their agreement with regard to self-assessed competencies after participating in interprofessional education courses. It has been validated across various settings.

Metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples reveals a single widespread clone of responsible for porcine proliferative enteropathy.

is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is the aetiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), a common intestinal disease of major economic importance in pigs and other animal species. To date, progress in understanding the biology of for improved disease control has been hampered by the inability to culture the organism . In particular, our understanding of the genomic diversity and population structure of clinical is very limited.

Lawsonia intracellularis exploits β-catenin/Wnt and Notch signalling pathways during infection of intestinal crypt to alter cell homeostasis and promote cell proliferation.

Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes proliferative enteropathy (PE) in pigs. L. intracellularis infection causes extensive intestinal crypt cell proliferation and inhibits secretory and absorptive cell differentiation.

Lawsonia intracellularis infection of intestinal crypt cells is associated with specific depletion of secreted MUC2 in goblet cells.

The expression patterns of secreted (MUC2 and MUC5AC) and membrane-tethered (MUC1, MUC4, MUC12 and MUC13) mucins were monitored in healthy pigs and pigs challenged orally with Lawsonia intracellularis. These results showed that the regulation of mucin gene expression is distinctive along the GI tract of the healthy pig, and may reflect an association between the function of the mucin subtypes and different physiological demands at various sites. We identified a specific depletion of secreted MUC2 from goblet cells in infected pigs that correlated with the increased level of intracellular bacteria in crypt cells.

Global calculation of nuclear shape isomers.

To determine which nuclei may exhibit shape isomerism, we use a well-benchmarked macroscopic-microscopic model to calculate potential-energy surfaces as functions of spheroidal (epsilon{2}), hexadecapole (epsilon{4}), and axial-asymmetry (gamma) shape coordinates for 7206 nuclei from A=31 to A=290. We analyze these and identify the deformations and energies of all minima deeper than 0.2 MeV.

Global calculations of ground-state axial shape asymmetry of nuclei.

Important insight into the symmetry properties of the nuclear ground-state (gs) shape is obtained from the characteristics of low-lying collective energy-level spectra. In the 1950s, experimental and theoretical studies showed that in the gs many nuclei are spheroidal in shape rather than spherical. Later, a hexadecapole component of the gs shape was identified.

Acid-base balance during laparoscopy. The effects of intraperitoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide on acid-base balance during controlled ventilation.

During laparoscopy the carbon dioxide used to achieve a pneumoperitoneum is absorbed from the peritoneal cavity into the blood. The object of the present study was to clarify certain aspects concerned with anesthetic and ventilatory techniques, mostly in connection with the comparison between the effects of insufflation of either carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide. Anesthesia included ventilation with a volume controlled ventilator in curarised patients.