Norms and screening utility of the Dutch version of the Children's Depression Inventory in clinical and nonclinical youths.

This study aimed to (a) assess relationships between the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and DSM-oriented depression and anxiety scales of the Youth Self Report, (b) develop reliable norms for the CDI, and (c) determine CDI cutoff scores for selecting youngsters at risk for depression and anxiety. A total of 3,073 nonclinical and 511 clinically referred children and adolescents from The Netherlands and Belgium were included. Results showed that CDI scores were significantly related to DSM-oriented symptoms of both depression and anxiety.

Cognitive biases in depressed and non-depressed referred youth.

This study examined cognitive vulnerability in both depressed and non-depressed referred youngsters. Formerly depressed (FD) children and adolescents (n = 16) were compared to a currently depressed (CD) group (n = 18) on a self-referent encoding and memory task imbedded in a mood induction paradigm. In order to test the specificity of the findings to depression, the results of the FD were further compared with those of a clinical but never depressed (ND) group (n = 39) diagnosed with anxiety and/or disruptive behaviour disorders.

Brief report: A longitudinal investigation of the relation between a negative cognitive triad and depressive symptoms in youth.

The present study examined self-reported depressive symptoms and associated cognitive features by reporting data from a 1-year longitudinal study of a community sample of 93 children and 69 adolescents. Results revealed that in childhood a negative cognitive triad appeared to be more a consequence than a predictor of depressive symptoms after 1 year. In adolescence, a negative view of the future was predictive of depressive symptoms after 1 year.

Treating depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: a pilot study.

Although studies on sub-threshold depression in childhood and adolescence have demonstrated an at risk profile that merits further attention, only few investigators examined the impact of therapy with these children. In this study, twenty elementary schoolchildren (aged 10-12) with moderate depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to an eighteen-session cognitive-behavioural treatment programme or to a waiting list (WL) control group (= Study 1). The key components of the programme "Taking Action" used in the study were: affective education, problem-solving, cognitive restructuring and engaging in enjoyable activities.

Assessing depression in youth: relation between the Children's Depression Inventory and a structured interview.

This study examined the utility of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) for predicting a diagnosis of a depressive disorder derived from the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV], American Psychiatric Association, 1994) Child Edition (KID-SCID). The participants were 80 referred children and adolescents with a mean age of 12.

Cognitive vulnerability in remitted depressed children and adolescents.

The cognitive model by Beck predicts that formerly depressed individuals remain vulnerable for future depressive episodes due to the existence of stable negative schemas. Activation of those schemas may explain high relapse rates in depression. The present study investigated cognitive vulnerability in remitted depressed children and adolescents.