Sustainable biomass-derived activated biochar/polyaniline/alginate composite beads for enhanced methylene blue adsorption: Experimental and theoretical investigations.

This study investigates biomass-derived adsorbents in powder and bead forms for the efficient removal of methylene blue MB from wastewater. Activated biochar powders (ABC and ABCZ) were synthesized using HPO and ZnCl as activators for the chemical treatment of Crataegus azarolus CAS seed waste, while polyaniline (PA) and sodium alginate (SG) were integrated to form two bead-shaped composites. Compared to ZnCl, H3PO activation produced similar acidic site concentrations but resulted in improved mesoporosity and larger pore diameters.