XPS investigation of the SEI formed on LGPS and LAGP with metallic lithium.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques have proven to be powerful tools for the characterisation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed between the anode and solid electrolyte (SE) in solid-state batteries. XPS offers access to time and operational condition-resolved information on the SEI's chemical composition in the absence of destructive sample preparation. Here we present a Virtual Electrode Plating XPS (VEP-XPS) investigation of the composition and stability of the SEI formed between lithium metal and two different solid electrolytes: LiGePS (LGPS) and LiAlGe(PO) (LAGP).

Potassium Alloy Reference Electrodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries: The K-In and K-Bi Systems.

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries with reduced critical mineral dependency but accurate three-electrode characterization is hindered by the lack of a suitable reference electrode. Potassium metal is frequently used as a reference electrode out of necessity, but its high reactivity and unstable potential limit its reliability. Here we investigate the K-In and K-Bi alloy systems, synthesize two-phase In-InK and Bi-BiK alloys, and identify Bi-BiK as a promising material owing to its stable potential of 1.

Characterisation and modelling of potassium-ion batteries.

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative technology to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their significantly reduced dependency on critical minerals. KIBs may also present an opportunity for superior fast-charging compared to LIBs, with significantly faster K-ion electrolyte transport properties already demonstrated. In the absence of a viable K-ion electrolyte, a full-cell KIB rate model in commercial cell formats is required to determine the fast-charging potential for KIBs.

The impact of magnesium content on lithium-magnesium alloy electrode performance with argyrodite solid electrolyte.

Solid-state lithium-based batteries offer higher energy density than their Li-ion counterparts. Yet they are limited in terms of negative electrode discharge performance and require high stack pressure during operation. To circumvent these issues, we propose the use of lithium-rich magnesium alloys as suitable negative electrodes in combination with LiPSCl solid-state electrolyte.

Fundamental investigations on the ionic transport and thermodynamic properties of non-aqueous potassium-ion electrolytes.

Non-aqueous potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) represent a promising complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries due to the availability and low cost of potassium. Moreover, the lower charge density of K compared to Li favours the ion-transport properties in liquid electrolyte solutions, thus, making KIBs potentially capable of improved rate capability and low-temperature performance. However, a comprehensive study of the ionic transport and thermodynamic properties of non-aqueous K-ion electrolyte solutions is not available.