Towards a unified approach for unsupervised brain MRI Motion Artefact Detection with few shot Anomaly Detection.

Automated Motion Artefact Detection (MAD) in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a field of study that aims to automatically flag motion artefacts in order to prevent the requirement for a repeat scan. In this paper, we identify and tackle the three current challenges in the field of automated MAD; (1) reliance on fully-supervised training, meaning they require specific examples of Motion Artefacts (MA), (2) inconsistent use of benchmark datasets across different works and use of private datasets for testing and training of newly proposed MAD techniques and (3) a lack of sufficiently large datasets for MRI MAD. To address these challenges, we demonstrate how MAs can be identified by formulating the problem as an unsupervised Anomaly Detection (AD) task.

Cybersecurity considerations for radiology departments involved with artificial intelligence.

Radiology artificial intelligence (AI) projects involve the integration of integrating numerous medical devices, wireless technologies, data warehouses, and social networks. While cybersecurity threats are not new to healthcare, their prevalence has increased with the rise of AI research for applications in radiology, making them one of the major healthcare risks of 2021. Radiologists have extensive experience with the interpretation of medical imaging data but radiologists may not have the required level of awareness or training related to AI-specific cybersecurity concerns.

Tailorable Zinc-Substituted Mesoporous Bioactive Glass/Alginate-Methylcellulose Composite Bioinks.

Bioactive glasses have been used for bone regeneration applications thanks to their excellent osteoconductivity, an osteostimulatory effect, and high degradation rate, releasing biologically active ions. Besides these properties, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG) are specific for their highly ordered mesoporous channel structure and high specific surface area, making them suitable for drug and growth factor delivery. In the present study, calcium (Ca) (15 mol%) in MBG was partially and fully substituted with zinc (Zn), known for its osteogenic and antimicrobial properties.

Low birth weight predicts higher blood pressure but not dermal capillary density in two populations.

The association between low birth weight and high blood pressure is well established, but underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Vascular rarefaction, which may elevate peripheral vascular resistance, has been observed in capillaries of young men at risk for hypertension and men who had low birth weight. We looked for evidence that capillary rarefaction explains the association of low birth weight with high blood pressure in two cohorts.

Injuries in the adolescent population in Scotland: patterns and types of injuries sustained.

Objective: To provide information on the incidence, sex distribution, type, site and severity of injuries requiring medical attention reported in a nationally representative sample of Scottish teenagers studied longitudinally.

Design: Health visitors administered structured interviews with parents (usually mothers). Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS-PC, and qualitative and textual data were coded using the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS).

Contrasting effects of intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery on adult cortisol secretion and metabolism in man.

Objective: Among babies born at term, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) predicts adult hypertension and hyperglycaemia. This might be due to elevated circulating glucocorticoids in adulthood, as described in animal models and in several cohorts of men who were low birthweight at term. Recently, we found that premature low birthweight babies also have adult cardiovascular risk factors, irrespective of IUGR.

Adult cardiovascular risk factors in premature babies.

Among babies born at term, low birthweight predicts cardiovascular risk factors and disease in adulthood. This study shows that babies born prematurely, whether or not they have intrauterine growth retardation, are predisposed to similar risks as adults.

Relationships between social class, nutrient intake and dietary patterns in Edinburgh schoolchildren.

Social class may have an important influence on dietary intakes and health. Information on specific nutrient differences between children of high and low social classes may help explain health inequalities and identify target areas for nutrition education. In this study, energy and nutrient intakes were estimated in 136 7-8-year-olds, from a range of social backgrounds, using 7-day weighed inventories.

The contribution of breakfast to the diets of a sample of 136 primary-schoolchildren in Edinburgh.

The contribution of breakfast to mean daily energy and nutrient intakes was investigated in a sample of 7-8-year-old children recruited by letter from five Scottish schools. After eighteen families dropped out of the study and three dietary records were discarded, the final sample numbered 136 (51%). Dietary data were collected using the 7 d weighed inventory, while a questionnaire was used to classify children into manual or non-manual social class groups.

Energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of 136 Edinburgh 7-8 year olds: a comparison with United Kingdom dietary reference values.

Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed in 136 children, aged 7-8 years and living in and around Edinburgh, using the 7 d weighed inventory technique. The results were compared with UK dietary reference values (DRV) for energy, macronutrients and micronutrients. NSP intakes were compared with a calculated reference value (CRV).

No adverse effects on growth seen in Scottish school children consuming either low fat diets or diets relatively high in non-starch polysaccharide.

This paper reports whether diets relatively high in non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) or those which meet Dietary Reference Values for percentage energy from fat are associated with poor growth and anthropometric status. Children aged seven to eight years (n = 136) were recruited from five schools in and around Edinburgh, selected randomly by Lothian Region's Education Department. Dietary intakes were estimated by their parents, using the seven day weighed inventory method.

Iron deficiency in infants and young children.

If we are to reduce the incidence of iron deficiency, parents need more education in how to prevent it. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional problem in early childhood in the UK and may adversely affect development. Breast milk, infant formulae and follow-on formulae all provide enough absorbable iron for the young infant, but the iron content in cow's milk is poorly absorbed.

Mineral balance in infantile cortical hyperostosis: effects of corticosteroids.

The effects on mineral metabolism of therapeutic doses of corticosteroids were investigated in infantile cortical hyperostosis; in four untreated cases the calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balances were strongly positive. In one severe case, treatment with prednisolone was associated with an alteration to negative calcium and magnesium balance, and faecal losses of calcium were particularly high. This effect persisted for at least three months after the steroids had been discontinued, and during this period there was pronounced retardation of linear growth.

Safety and efficacy of three oral rehydration solutions for children with diarrhoea (Edinburgh 1984-85).

Of 357 children with acute diarrhoea admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh, over a 12-month period, only 5 (1.4%) required IV infusions. Three hundred and nineteen were treated with oral rehydration (OR).

Combined deficiency of iron and vitamin D in Asian toddlers.

One hundred and forty five Asian children born at Sorrento Maternity Hospital, Birmingham, were reviewed at the age of 22 months. A significant association of iron deficiency and poor vitamin D state was found. Two fifths of the children were anaemic, two fifths had a low plasma concentration of vitamin D, and one fifth had both features.

Rickets--not only the "English disease".

Nutritional rickets in infancy and childhood due to vitamin D deficiency continues to be a world-wide problem. Its occurrence is probably higher in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, despite abundant sunlight than in many more northerly latitudes, where its incidence is mainly limited to children of Asian origin and those with dark skins. Social and cultural customs including the adherence to a special, often vegetarian diet, the avoidance of sunlight together with increasing urbanisation, extended breast feeding and severe malnutrition are recognisable factors in the pathogenesis of rickets.

Persisting vitamin D deficiency in the Asian adolescent.

A study of 221 children admitted to hospital in the course of a year allowed establishment of a reference range for plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D. None of these children had evidence of biochemical rickets. Most Asian children, however, were vitamin D deficient in comparison, and this deficiency was most noticeable in girls aged 13 to 15 years: biochemical rickets occurred in six per cent of these adolescent Asians.

Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants.

Pregnant women receiving daily supplements of 400 IU (10 microgram) of vitamin D2 from the 12th week of pregnancy had plasma calcium concentrations higher at 24 weeks but similar at delivery to those in control pregnant women who did not receive the supplements. Infants of the women receiving the supplements had higher calcium, lower phosphorus, and similar magnesium concentrations on the sixth day of life and a lower incidence of hypocalcaemia than infants of the control women. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, which showed a seasonal variation, were higher in mothers and infants in the treated group.

Clinical and biochemical assessment of a modified evaporated milk for infant feeding.

A clinical and biochemical evaluation has been made of a new milk formula, Modified Carnation milk (MCM), based on cows' milk but with the mineral content and concentration of caloric nutrients altered to make it correspond more closely to human milk. MCM produced higher plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations in 6-day-old infants than those produced by unmodified evaporated and dried milks, achieving concentrations closer to those of breast milk. Plasma free amino acid concentrations in MCM-fed infants are nearer breast-fed values than those in unmodified milk-fed infants where higher individual plasma amino acid concentrations persist during the first 3 months.