Epigenetic Clock and Circadian Rhythms in Stem Cell Aging and Rejuvenation.

This review summarizes the current understanding of the interaction between circadian rhythms of gene expression and epigenetic clocks characterized by the specific profile of DNA methylation in CpG-islands which mirror the senescence of all somatic cells and stem cells in particular. Basic mechanisms of regulation for circadian genes CLOCK-BMAL1 as well as downstream clock-controlled genes (ССG) are also discussed here. It has been shown that circadian rhythms operate by the finely tuned regulation of transcription and rely on various epigenetic mechanisms including the activation of enhancers/suppressors, acetylation/deacetylation of histones and other proteins as well as DNA methylation.

[Transcription Factors of Direct Neuronal Reprogramming in Ontogenesis and ex vivo].

Direct reprogramming technology allows several specific types of cells, including specialized neurons, to be obtained from readily available autologous somatic cells. It presents unique opportunities for the development of personalized medicine, from in vitro models of hereditary and degenerative neurological diseases to novel neuroregenerative technologies. Over the past decade, a plethora of protocols for primary reprogramming has been published, yet reproducible generation of homogeneous populations of neuronally reprogrammed cells still remains a challenge.

[Infections and inflammation in the development of stroke].

The review systematizes data on the role of infectious diseases and systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of stroke. Various risk factors for stroke associated with pro-inflammatory reactions and their contribution to the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular pathology are analyzed. The interaction of systemic inflammation with hemostasis disturbances and clots formation, activation of autoreactive clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes, the progression of endothelial damage, and other processes is shown.

['Stroke chameleons'].

The diagnosis of acute stroke should be correct and early that allows physician planning the most effective treatment strategies (reperfusion therapy, undifferentiated (basic) treatment, early secondary prevention). However, stroke symptoms can be atypical and similar to some other (non-vascular) event. It can significantly complicate the clinical diagnosis of stroke and decrease the patient's chances for effective treatment.

[Headache in the population of schoolchildren: prevalence, pattern, risk factors].

The paper discusses the prevalence, pattern, and risk factors of childhood headache (HA) according to questionnaire data from 1074 general educational school pupils. Periodic HA was reported by 42.1% of the children.

[Peculiarities of the development of cerebral blood circulation disturbances in patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency].

One hundred and one patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency due to postinfarction cardiosclerosis have been examined. Clinical studies, echocardiography, duplex scanning of brachiocephal arteries were conducted. As the left ventricular (LV) is remodeled corresponding to a stage of chronic cardiac insufficiency (an increase of systolic and diastolic LV volumes, and myocardial mass, a decrease of ejection fraction), structural changes in the wall of extra- and intracranial vessels (the increase of intima-media complex and alteration of vessel geometry) increase and the cerebral dynamics (the decrease of systolic and volume velocities of blood flow) worsens.

[Leprous neuropathies].

The damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a marker of Micobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection that develops as a result of the M. leprae invasion to the Schwann cells.

[Criteria of efficiency of transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue preparations in rats with 6-OHDA-impaired dopaminergic nigrostriatal system].

Effectiveness of transplantation of cells from embryonal nervous tissue of the ventral mesencephalon (VM ENT) and striatum (STR ENT) by apomorphin-induced motor asymmetry (APO-test), consolidation of the transplant (the degree of glyal reaction and amount of dopaminergic neurons) and blood serum levels of GFAP was studied for 3 months in Wistar rats with 6-OHDA-impaired dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. Marked therapeutic effectiveness was registered in VM ENT transplantation in the denervated striatum and in combined transplantation of VM ENT into the lateral cerebral ventricle simultaneously with STR ENT transplantation in the striatum. Separate transplantation of VM ENT in the lateral ventricle and STR ENT in the striatum had no positive effect on recovery of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system.

Structure of vascular plexuses of brain ventricles in ontogeny under normal conditions and in hypoxia.

The structure of vascular plexuses of brain ventricles in newborns developed under hypoxic conditions does not correspond to gestational age. Chronic hypoxia decreases activity of succinate dehydrogenase and iron content in vascular plexuses of brain ventricles.

[Clinical and psychophysiological characteristics of headache in childhood].

Complex clinical psychophysiological as well as neurophysiological examinations of 210 children with migraine, chronic tension headache (CTH) and chronic posttraumatic headache (CPH) were carried out. Detailed comparative description of cephalalgia types is presented. In a CPH structure, predominates CTH (77.

Immunoenzyme assay of glial fibrillary acidic protein for evaluation of functional activity of cell grafts from embryonic ventral mesencephalon in rats with experimental hemiparkinsonism.

The relationship between the release of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) into systemic circulation and the efficacy of transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue was studied on rats with 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonism. It was found that intrastriatal transplantation of cell preparations from embryonic ventral mesencephalon significantly attenuated apomorphine-induced rotation, which points to functional recovery of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. The degree of this recovery depends on reactive astrogliosis around the graft and survival of dopaminergic neurons.

[Chronic posttraumatic headache in juveniles].

The paper presents a comparative analysis of biologic, social-culturological and psychological factors of the premorbid, peculiarities of personality as well as the conditions of getting a slight craniocerebral trauma (CCT) as well as the therapy in the acute period and a psychosocial situation during 1 year after the trauma in juveniles with chronic posttraumatic headache (PTH) (74 individuals) and without it (24 cases). As the main clinical variation of a chronic PTH was chronic PTH of tension, we studied comparative anamnestic data and peculiarities of personalities in 22 juveniles with a chronic headache of tension without PTH in the anamnesis. It was found common pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of both traumatic and non-traumatic cephalgias; the risk factors of PTH chronicity were identified, that was quite necessary for the elaboration of effective rehabilitation programs.

Complex analysis of efficiency of transplantation of embryonic nerve tissue to rats with hemiparkinsonism.

Effect of transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalon preparation containing dopaminergic neurons on repair of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system was studied in rats with hemiparkinsonism induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalon into denervated striatum led to a more than 50% decrease in apomorphine-induced rotation, recovery of dopamine and DOPAC levels in the brain, and to an increase in DOPAC excretion and the DOPAC-dopamine ratio in daily urine of rats with hemiparkinsonism. Dopaminergic neurons of the transplant survived, forming a network of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive processes growing beyond the transplant and reinnervating the adjacent compartments of the striatum.

[Immunoenzyme analysis of ferritin in diagnosing brain tumors].

A procedure was developed to purify ferritin from the human brain tissue. The preparation is a heavy chain of ferritin. The level of ferritin in biological fluids was evaluated using the sandwich solid-phase immunoassay.

[The immunochemical indices of the structural damage to brain tissue at different periods of traumatic brain disease].

Interorganic and neurospecific liquor proteins were measured in brain injury patients using enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay (maximum sensitivity 2.0 and 0.05-1 ng/ml, respectively).