Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Possible Chemical and Biological Causes: A Review.

The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistep process. In HCC, progressive and morphologically distinct preneoplastic lesions/alterations associated with chronic liver injury, inflammation, hepatocellular degeneration/regeneration, necrosis, and small-cell dysplasia can be observed. The incidence of HCC exhibits regional and ethnic differences.

DNA Double-Strand Breaks Caused by Different Microorganisms: A Special Focus on Helicobacter pylori.

The association between inflammation and cancer has long been recognized. Several studies have found that different types of tumors develop at sites of chronic inflammation. It is stated that over 15%-20% of malignancies worldwide can be related to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, and schistosomes.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: A Special Focus on Phthalates and Bisphenol A.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process during which epithelial cells lose their polarity and ability to adhere. Instead, they gain properties to move, migrate through the extracellular matrix, become invasive, and finally become mesenchymal stem cells. This trans-differentiation is critical for embryo development, wound healing, and stem cell behavior.