Efflux pump effects on drug resistance.

Resistance and tolerance to antituberculosis drugs have become serious problems in disease treatment. This multi-phase study investigated the contributions of efflux pumps to drug resistance. In the first phase, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of antibiotics were determined.

Colorimetric methods for rapid determination of pyrazinamide resistance.

Background: Because pyrazinamide (PZA) is only effective for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at an acidic pH, susceptibility tests are more difficult to perform than those for other anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. The purpose of our work was to investigate the effectiveness of colorimetric methods to detect PZA susceptibility and to detect pncA gene mutations in resistant isolates by sequence analysis.

Methods: In this study, 30 clinical isolates and 2 reference isolates were used, 15 of which were resistant to PZA.

An evaluation of false-positive rifampicin resistance on the Xpert MTB/RIF.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most significant causes of mortality and morbidity. Early diagnose is important especially in multiple drug resistant tuberculosis to avoid transmission. Traditional techniques requires at least one to three weeks for diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Foods of Animal Origin, Turkey.

In the present study, 175 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) isolates recovered from samples of beef (n = 110), raw milk n = 56), and fish (n = 9) were analyzed for methicillin resistance using MIC and PCR assays. Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolates were then characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). According to findings, 62 (35.

[Prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*57:01 in HIV-infected patients].

Deaths related with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections have been decreased by the introduction of combined anti-retroviral therapy (ART) into the clinical practice. Combined ART usually consists of two nucleoside/nucleotide analogs reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) that is called backbone and a third drug that belongs to either non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) or entry inhibitors. During abacavir therapy which is a member of NRTI, hypersensitivity reactions can occur approximately 4-9% of the patients that lead difficulties for the management of HIV infections.

Evaluation of crystal violet decolorization assay for minimal inhibitory concentration detection of primary antituberculosis drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

In this study we evaluated the crystal violet decolorization assay (CVDA) for detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antituberculosis drugs. 53 isolates were tested in this study and 13 of them were multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates. The antibiotics concentrations were 2-0.

Evaluation of four colourimetric susceptibility tests for the rapid detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate four rapid colourimetric methods, including the resazurin microtitre assay (REMA), malachite green decolourisation assay (MGDA), microplate nitrate reductase assay (MNRA) and crystal violet decolourisation assay (CVDA), for the rapid detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. Fifty Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were used in this study. Eighteen isolates were MDR, two isolates were only resistant to isoniazid (INH) and the remaining isolates were susceptible to both INH and rifampicin (RIF).

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from chicken meat in Turkey.

This study was conducted in a Turkish province to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in 150 chicken meat samples using 2 phenotyping techniques: classic culture technique (CCT) and immunomagnetic separation (IMS). For the confirmation of the isolates at molecular levels, invA gene was detected in these isolates.

[In Vitro Effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper®, a Plant Extract Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates].

Treatment of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections requires combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs which have several toxic side effects. Thus there is a need for safer and effective new drugs. Ankaferd Blood Stopper® (ABS), which is a mixture of plant extracts prepared from Alpinia officinarum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Thymus vulgaris, Urtica dioica and Vitis vinifera, has homeostatic and antibacterial effects.

In vitro effects of sulbactam combinations with different antibiotic groups against clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

Treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii infections causes some problems as a result of possessing various antibacterial resistance mechanisms against available antibiotics. Combination of antibiotics, acting by different mechanisms, is used for the treatment of MDR bacterial infections. It is an important factor to determine synergy or antagonism between agents in the combination for the constitution of effective therapy.

[Investigation of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in Enterobacteriaceae: a multicenter study].

Fluoroquinolones which are in use since 1986, are effective agents both against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Quinolones show bactericidal effect as a result of inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. Main quinolone resistance mechanisms are chromosomal mutations in these enzymes and decreased intracellular accumulation due to efflux pumps or decreased membrane uptake.

Comparative evaluation of the microplate nitrate reductase assay and the rezasurin microtitre assay for the rapid detection of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.

The microplate nitrate reductase assay (MNRA) and the rezasurin microtitre assay (REMA) were used for the susceptibility testing of 73 clinical isolates and the results were compared with those that were obtained using the Bactec 460 TB and Bactec MGIT 960 systems. The REMA and the MNRA were performed in 96-well plates. For the REMA, the concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) ranged from 1.

[Evaluation of blood agar medium for the growth of mycobacteria].

This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of blood agar for the growth of mycobacteria from clinical specimens sent to Mycobacteriology Laboratory of Samsun Chest Diseases Hospital. One hundred fifty six clinical specimens including 123 sputum, 28 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and 5 pleural fluid specimens were inoculated in Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ), BACTEC MGIT 960 system (Becton Dickinson, USA) and blood agar following decontamination process. The specimens were also simultaneously examined for the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB).

[Investigation of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is widely found in the environment, may lead to serious nosocomial infections. Due to its intrinsic resistance to many antibacterial agents, treatment of P.aeruginosa infections usually present difficulty.

[Performance evaluation of VITEK 2 system in meropenem susceptibility testing of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with various community-acquired or nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant P.aeruginosa strains increasingly cause epidemics and spread in various hospital wards and geographic regions.

A rapid detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a nitrate reductase assay on blood agar.

The susceptibility of 49 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates to isoniazid (INH) and rifampisin (RIF) (28 multi-drug resistant-tuberculosis samples) was determined by a nitrate reductase assay (NRA) on blood agar. Agreement between the NRA and other testing methods was found to be 93.8% for both INH and RIF.

Colorimetric-plate method for rapid disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli.

Here, we report a laboratory-developed colorimetric-plate method for rapid disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli. One hundred isolates were evaluated. Categorical agreement between the colorimetric plate and the standard disk diffusion method was 99%.

Effect of 1-(1-Naphtylmethyl)-piperazine, an efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibilities of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

In this study, the effects of 1-(1-naphtylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), an efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibilities of 42 clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were investigated by the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zone diameters of antibiotic discs were tested in the presence and absence of NMP and then these zone diameters were compared. Presence of NMP restored ciprofloxacin susceptibility in 15 intermediate and 2 resistant isolates.

[Investigation of the in vitro antibacterial effects of statins].

It was previously shown that statins have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant effects. This study was aimed to investigate the in-vitro antibacterial effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin. In this study antibacterial activity of the statins were tested against 16 methicillin-susceptible Stophylococcus aureus (MSSA), 16 methicillin-resistant S.

[Investigation of antibacterial activity of sertralin].

Sertralin is a psychotropic drug which acts by inhibiting the selective serotonin re-uptake in the synaptic area. Previous studies have shown that some antidepressant agents have antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of sertralin.

[Investigation of biofilm formation and relationship with genotype and antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent cause of respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa strains isolated from these patients have often a mucoid phenotype at advanced disease.

Prognostic value of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives: To determine the predictive value for radiological damage of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods: Ninety patients with RA were enrolled in this study. All patients had symptom duration of at least one year.

[Effect of efflux pump inhibitor 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine to MIC values of ciprofloxacin in ciprofloxacin resistant gram-negative bacteria].

Effective efflux pump systems play a crucial role in the development of multiple antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. In this study, the effects of an efflux pump inhibitor 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine on ciprofloxacin (CIP) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated. Nineteen CIP-resistant P.

[Effect of linezolid in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates].

Tuberculosis continues to be a serious public health problem worldwide. Since multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis constitutes a serious problem in tuberculosis control, new and more effective chemotherapeutic agents are required. This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro effect of linezolid alone and in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin against 10 multidrug resistant M.

[In vitro effect of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates alone and in combination with some antibiotics against Brucella melitensis clinical isolates].

Brucella spp. replicate and survive in lympho-proliferative tissues and cells, thus effective treatment of brucellosis requires the combined and long term use of intracellularly active antibiotics. Elimination of the microorganism largely depends on the reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates released by activated macrophages.