Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Liver Enzymes Level at Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without metabolic syndrome (MS) by determining serum levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). We also investigated correlation between levels of liver enzymes and some components of MS in both groups of patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 96 patients (age 47-83 years) with T2DM.

Effects of Teraphy with Basal Insulin Analogues Combined with GLP 1 Analogues and Metformin in the Treatment of Obese Patients with Poorly Regulated Postprandial Glycemia.

Introduction: Patient-oriented therapy represents a modern approach in the treatment of patients with diabetes, an approach which is supported in the most recent guidelines by the ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). The progressive nature of diabetes demands the introduction of insulin therapy much earlier in order to prevent the development of late complications of the disease.

Material And Methods: The study included 30 patients who had been treated with long-acting insulin analogue and metformin in doses of 3 x 850 mg at least 6 months prior to study entry and in which a good glycaemic control had not been achieved, or with HbA1c > 7%.

Improved glycaemic control with insulin glargine as part of a basal-bolus regimen in T2DM patients inadequately controlled on premixed therapy.

Objectives: Monitoring efficacy of insulin glargine administered to patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) in combination with rapid-action insulin and analogues, where the hitherto fixed-mixture insulin therapy failed to achieve a satisfactory glycaemic control (HbA1c < 7%) following a six-month fixed-mixture insulin therapy.

Design: Open, observational, multicentric, non comparative, prospective product registry.

Results: 9-month prospective observational study recruited DMT2 patients previously uncontrolled on premixed insulin (HbA1c > 7%).

Effects of aggressive approach to the multiple risk factors for diabetic nephro-pathy on proteinuria reduction in diabetes type 2 patients.

Dietary interventions with protein and salt restriction, good glucose control, smoking cessation, aggressive blood pressure control, good control of cholesterol and triglycerides, use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs can delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to present the effects of aggressive treatment of the multiple risk factors for diabetic nephropathy on proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this study we included 15 patients with diabetes type 2 and insufficient regulation of glycaemia.

Effects of basal insulin analog and metformin on glycaemia control and weight as risk factors for endothelial dysfunction.

Obese patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are at increased risk of development of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction may be a reason for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modification, increased physical activity, weight reduction, energy restricted diet and good glycaemia control can be useful for the endothelial function improvement and may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of biphasic insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin on glycaemic control in obese people with type 2 diabetes.

Combination therapy consisting of biphasic insulin aspart 30 bid with metformin provide better glycaemic control in obese patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. In our study, patients who were treated with 2550 mg of metformin, administered in three daily doses had poor glycaemic control. Three months after switching from metformin therapy to treatment with biphasic insulin aspart 30 + metformin twice a day, glycaemic control improved with significant reduction in hemoglobin HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose levels.

The effects of combined insulin and metformin therapy in obese patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in the early stage of the disease.

Combination of insulin and metformin has been shown to improve glycaemic control in clinical trials, particularly in obese patients with diabetes type 2. Insulin therapy can improve function of pancreatic beta cells and periphery insulin activity in target cells in order to enhance glycaemic homeostasis (1, 2, 3). In our study we included obese patients with diabetes type 2 in the early stage of the disease.

[Vaccine for prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus].

Diabetes mellitus type 1, known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), results from a chronic autoimmune destruction of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells. This autoimmune process is marked by circulating auto antibodies to beta cell antigens. GAD 65 (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) auto antibodies are present in 70-80% of newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes, and it can be detected many years before clinical onset of the disease.

Effects of hyperglycemia and iron deficiency on kidney and heart function in type 2 diabetes disease.

Untreated anemia can caused significant cardiac and kidney damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of anemia and hyperglycemia treatment in type 2 diabetes and their impact on kidney and heart impairment. The study is clinical retrospective and prospective and it was conducted in Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo.

Cystatin C as a marker for detection of early renal failure in diabetes type 2 patients.

Unlabelled: The epidemiological studies have show dramatic increase and prevalence of end stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes therefore early markers of diabetic nephropathy need to be identified (1). During the treatment of patients at the Clinic of endocrinology, diabetes mellitus and metabolic diseases in Sarajevo, we observed a necessity of application of new markers in assessment of early renal failure. Serum cystatin C level is another marker of renal function.

[Contemporary methods of prevention and treatment diabetic kidney disease].

The number of people with diabetes is increasing worldwide. Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Diabetic kidney disease has been reported to occur in 25-40% of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

[Unilateral pheochromocytoma and adrenal gland hyperplasia].

Woman, forty two years old, has been hospitalized because of frequent headache, palpitation and tremor of lips with paroxysmal increase of blood pressure. The adrenals have examined. The status of the hormones has checked many times but showed increased values of VMA and 17-OH steroids only once.

[Amylin--a partner hormone to insulin].

This article will provide an overview of some of the known functions of a recently discovered hormone, amylin, a partner hormone to insulin. Studies indicate that amylin has a role in the postmeal glucose regulation through effects on glucagon secretion, nutrient delivery and food intake. Three hormones--amylin, glucagon and insulin--are a critical part of postmeal glucose regulation.