Quantitative imaging reveals the role of MpARF proteasomal degradation during gemma germination.

The auxin signaling molecule controls a variety of growth and developmental processes in land plants. Auxin regulates gene expression through a nuclear auxin signaling pathway (NAP) consisting of the ubiquitin ligase auxin receptor TIR1/AFB, its Aux/IAA degradation substrate, and DNA-binding ARF transcription factors. Although extensive qualitative understanding of the pathway and its interactions has been obtained, mostly by studying the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it remains unknown how these translate to quantitative system behavior in vivo, a problem that is confounded by the large NAP gene families in most species.

Comparing the end correction of a spherically baffled piston to infinitely baffled and unbaffled circular radiators (L).

Models of acoustical systems commonly employ end corrections to represent the radiation impedance of a vibrating element. Although several analytic solutions appear in the literature, the end corrections of an infinitely baffled circular piston and an unbaffled semi-infinite circular pipe remain popular in modeling applications. This Letter compares the end correction of these two configurations to that of a radially vibrating cap on a sphere.

Low-frequency radiation from a vibrating cap on a rigid spherical shell with a circular aperture.

Theoretical models based on spherical geometries have long provided essential insights into the directional behavior of sound sources such as loudspeakers and human speech. Because commonly applied models predict omnidirectional radiation at low frequencies and increasing directionality at higher frequencies, they fail to predict the directional characteristics of certain sources with different source geometries. These sources include violins and open-back guitar amplifiers that have openings or ports connecting a cavity or enclosure to the exterior domain.

Fluctuations in auxin levels depend upon synchronicity of cell divisions in a one-dimensional model of auxin transport.

Auxin is a well-studied plant hormone, the spatial distribution of which remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the effects of cell growth and divisions on the dynamics of auxin patterning, using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental observations. In contrast to most prior work, models are not designed or tuned with the aim to produce a specific auxin pattern.

Directional characteristics of two gamelan gongs.

The distinctive geometry and structural characteristics of Balinese gamelan gongs lead to the instrument's unique sound and musical style. This work presents high-resolution directivity measurements of two types of gamelan gongs to quantify and better understand their acoustic behavior. The measured instruments' structural modes clearly impact their far-field directivity patterns, with the number of directional lobes corresponding to the associated structural mode shapes.

On the low-frequency acoustic center.

Acousticians typically consider the acoustic center of a source to be the point from which sound waves appear to diverge spherically. Many applications require the center's accurate determination, but its deeper significance and means of assessment have often remained ambiguous. This work revisits the acoustic center and shows how a low-frequency sound radiator with omnidirectional far-field directivity has a center defined by its dipole-to-monopole moment ratio.

Longitudinal Associations Between COVID-19 Stress and the Mental Health of Children With ADHD.

Objective: To investigate the longitudinal associations between COVID-19 induced stress (related to COVID-19 restrictions/changes), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, oppositional symptoms, and mental health outcomes (negative affect, anxiety, depression, and irritability) in children with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: Parents of 140 Australian children with ADHD (aged 5-17 years) completed an online survey in May 2020 during stay-at-home restrictions and 12-months later.

Results: Baseline COVID-19 stress was associated with increased total ADHD symptom severity (β = .

Randomised Controlled Trial of a Behavioural Sleep Intervention, 'Sleeping Sound', for Autistic Children: 12-Month Outcomes and Moderators of Treatment.

This study examined the sustained and moderating effects of a behavioural sleep intervention for autistic children in a randomised controlled trial. Autistic children (5-13 years) with sleep problems were randomised to the Sleeping Sound intervention or Treatment as Usual (TAU). At 12-month follow-up (n = 150), caregivers of children in the Sleeping Sound group reported greater reduction in child sleep problems compared to TAU (p < .

Association of clinical outcomes and connectivity in awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease.

Objective: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD) is traditionally performed with awake intraoperative testing and/or microelectrode recording. Recently, however, the procedure has been increasingly performed under general anesthesia with image-based verification. The authors sought to compare structural and functional networks engaged by awake and asleep PD-DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and correlate them with clinical outcomes.

Is essential tremor a disorder of GABA dysfunction? No.

Although essential tremor is common, its underlying pathophysiology remains uncertain, and several hypotheses seek to explain the tremor mechanism. The GABA hypothesis states that disinhibition of deep cerebellar neurons due to reduced GABAergic input from Purkinje cells results in increased pacemaker activity, leading to rhythmic output to the thalamo-cortical circuit and resulting in tremor. However, some neuroimaging, spectroscopy, and pathology studies have not shown a clear or consistent GABA deficiency in essential tremor, and animal models have indicated that large reductions of Purkinje cell inhibition may improve tremor.

Sleeping Sound Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): a randomised controlled trial of a brief behavioural sleep intervention in primary school-aged autistic children.

Background: Behavioural sleep problems are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, evidence for the efficacy of behavioural sleep interventions is limited. This study examined the efficacy of a brief behavioural sleep intervention in autistic children. It was hypothesised that the intervention would reduce overall child sleep problems (primary outcome), in addition to improvements in children's social, emotional, cognitive, academic functioning, and quality of life, and parent/caregivers' stress, quality of life, and mental health (secondary outcomes).

Parkinsonism and tremor syndromes.

Tremor, the most common movement disorder, may occur in isolation or may co-exist with a variety of other neurologic and movement disorders including parkinsonism, dystonia, and ataxia. When associated with Parkinson's disease, tremor may be present at rest or as an action tremor overlapping in phenomenology with essential tremor. Essential tremor may be associated not only with parkinsonism but other neurological disorders, suggesting the possibility of essential tremor subtypes.

Phenotypic Features of Isolated Essential Tremor, Essential Tremor Plus, and Essential Tremor-Parkinson's Disease in a Movement Disorders Clinic.

Background: Patients with essential tremor were initially considered to have isolated tremor, but additional motor and non-motor features have been increasingly recognized. The term "essential tremor plus" was adopted by the Task Force on Tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society to describe essential tremor patients with additional neurologic signs.

Objectives: To characterize essential tremor patients and their phenotypes in a movement disorders clinic population in the context of the new tremor classification.

High-resolution spherical directivity of live speech from a multiple-capture transfer function method.

Although human speech radiation has been a subject of considerable interest for decades, researchers have not previously measured its directivity over a complete sphere with high spatial and spectral resolution using live phonetically balanced passages. The research reported in this paper addresses this deficiency by employing a multiple-capture transfer function technique and spherical harmonic expansions. The work involved eight subjects and 2522 unique sampling positions over a 1.

Physical Health, Media Use, and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents With ADHD During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia.

Objective: To examine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: Parents of 213 Australian children (5-17 years) with ADHD completed a survey in May 2020 when COVID-19 restrictions were in place (i.e.