[Which physical tests for which objectives in pulmonary rehabilitation?].

Chronic respiratory disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and an important cause of disability including a reduction of exercise, functional and muscle capacity contributing to a decreased quality of life. In the context of pulmonary rehabilitation, a thorough patient-centered outcome assessment, including not only measures of lung function, but also exercise functional and muscle capacity, is imperative for a comprehensive disease management. Assessment of these impairments and dysfunctions with appropriate and change-sensitive procedures is thus necessary for personalizing the physical interventions and assessing the short- and long-term effectiveness of the intervention.

[Therapeutic education for people with chronic respiratory disease].

The physiotherapist's practice involves taking care of patients with various chronic pathologies: neurological, rheumatic, respiratory, etc. The physiotherapist must carry out an educational approach in these patients, at the same time as the physical work of re-education, in order to induce behavioural changes beneficial to their physical and psychological health and to empower them in the best possible way in the management of their pathology.

Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation for severe asthma with fixed airway obstruction: Comparison with COPD.

The benefit of exercise has been demonstrated in asthma, but the role of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in people with severe asthma, especially with airway obstruction, has been less investigated. The activity limitation mechanisms differ in asthma and COPD, so the effect of a PR program not specific to asthma is unclear. We retrospectively compared the effect of an ambulatory PR program in nonsmoking patients with severe asthma and airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC ratio <70% and FEV1 < 80% measured twice, not under an exacerbation) and sex-, age-, FEV1-, and BMI-matched COPD controls.

Measuring Ventilatory Activity with Structured Light Plethysmography (SLP) Reduces Instrumental Observer Effect and Preserves Tidal Breathing Variability in Healthy and COPD.

The use of a mouthpiece to measure ventilatory flow with a pneumotachograph (PNT) introduces a major perturbation to breathing ("instrumental/observer effect") and suffices to modify the respiratory behavior. Structured light plethysmography (SLP) is a non-contact method of assessment of breathing pattern during tidal breathing. Firstly, we validated the SLP measurements by comparing timing components of the ventilatory pattern obtained by SLP vs.

Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Guidelines from the Société de pneumologie de langue française (summary).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the chronic respiratory disease with the most important burden on public health in terms of morbidity, mortality and health costs. For patients, COPD is a major source of disability because of dyspnea, restriction in daily activities, exacerbation, risk of chronic respiratory failure and extra-respiratory systemic organ disorders. The previous French Language Respiratory Society (SPLF) guidelines on COPD exacerbations were published in 2003.

Physiologic Determinants of Exercise Capacity in Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Multidimensional Analysis.

Background: Reduced exercise capacity severely impacts quality of life in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Ascertaining mechanisms that impair exercise capacity is necessary to identify targets for symptomatic treatments.

Methods: Dyspnea, pulmonary function tests and cardiopulmonary exercise test were analysed in 62 study participants.

Calpains contribute to vascular repair in rapidly progressive form of glomerulonephritis: potential role of their externalization.

Objective: Calpains, calcium-activated proteases, mediate the angiogenic signals of vascular endothelial growth factor. However, their involvement in vascular repair has not been investigated and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.

Methods And Results: A rapidly progressive form of glomerulonephritis in wild type and transgenic mice expressing high levels of calpastatin, a calpain-specific inhibitor, was studied.

[Survey on anaesthetic practices for electroconvulsivotherapy in French university hospitals].

Objectives: To evaluate the anaesthetic management of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in French university hospitals.

Study Design: National survey in university hospitals by mail.

Materials And Methods: An email was sent to heads of department of anaesthesiology in French university hospitals to identify a referent practitioner, which we then sent a computerized quiz.

Critical role of the calpain/calpastatin balance in acute allograft rejection.

Rejection of solid organ allograft involves alloreactive T-cell expansion. The importance of NF-κB and NFAT in this process is underscored by the therapeutic efficacy of immunosuppressive agents, which target the two transcription factors. Since calpains, calcium-activated proteases, are involved in the activation of NF-κB and NFAT, we investigated the role of calpains in allograft rejection.

Targeting the calpain/calpastatin system as a new strategy to prevent cardiovascular remodeling in angiotensin II-induced hypertension.

In hypertension, angiotensin (Ang) II is a critical mediator of cardiovascular remodeling, whose prominent features include myocardial and vascular media hypertrophy, perivascular inflammation, and fibrosis. The signaling pathways responsible for these alterations are not completely understood. Here, we investigated the importance of calpains, calcium-dependent cysteine proteases.

[Malt lung lymphoma].

MALT lung lymphoma is a low-grade primarily B-cell lymphoma. Most cases develop in a pain free patient presenting a chronic alveolar opacity. In this review, we describe the clinical radiological and pathological features as well as the diagnostic approach to this pathological entity.

[Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis infections in the non-immunocompromised patient].

The definition of broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis infections in non-immunocompromised patients remains vague and a wide range of clinical, radiological and pathological entities have been described with a variety of names, i.e. simple aspergilloma, complex aspergilloma, semi-invasive aspergillosis, chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis, chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis, pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis caused by Aspergillus, and invasive aspergillosis.

Calpain activation and secretion promote glomerular injury in experimental glomerulonephritis: evidence from calpastatin-transgenic mice.

Glomerular injury and albuminuria in acute glomerulonephritis are related to the severity of inflammatory process. Calpain, a calcium-activated cysteine protease, has been shown to participate in the development of the inflammatory process. Therefore, for determination of the role of calpain in the pathophysiology of acute glomerulonephritis, transgenic mice that constitutively express high levels of calpastatin, a calpain-specific inhibitor protein, were generated.

[Contribution of stem cells to renal repair after ischemia/reperfusion].

Repair of inflammatory and/or ischemic renal injury involves endothelial, mesangial and epithelial regeneration. These structures may be rebuilt by resident progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells. Resident progenitor cells in adult kidney have not yet been conclusively identified.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta exerts a strong protection from ischemic acute renal failure.

Ischemic acute renal failure is characterized by damages to the proximal straight tubule in the outer medulla. Lesions include loss of polarity, shedding into the tubule lumen, and eventually necrotic or apoptotic death of epithelial cells. It was recently shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) increases keratinocyte survival after an inflammatory reaction.

[Cardiorespiratory limits to the surgical treatment of lung cancer].

Cardiorespiratory co-morbidity is a predictive factor of post-surgical mortality and morbidity. In the case of lung cancer, the pre-therapeutic work-up must assess the post-surgical risks by integrating such co-morbidity. In view of this, predictive scores and decisional algorithms have been developed.

15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits glucocorticoid binding and signaling in macrophages through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent process.

15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) is involved in the control of inflammatory reaction. We tested the hypothesis that 15d-PGJ(2) would exert this control in part by modulating the sensitivity of inflammatory cells to glucocorticoids. Human U937cells and mouse RAW 264.

Upregulation of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma-derived C-X-C chemokines by tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells.

Objective And Design: The presence of increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils is associated with poorer outcome in patients with adenocarcinoma of the bronchioloalveolar (BAC) subtype. We evaluated the role of inflammatory environment on C-X-C chemokine tumor production.

Materials: Bronchoalveolar lavage from 31 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the BAC subtype as well as tumor and normal pulmonary tissue samples.

[Calpains participate in inflammatory reaction development].

Calpains are cysteine proteases first identified 50 years ago. Because they are present in the cytosol of mammalian cells and because they are activated in response to Ca2+ mobilization, they are thought to be involved mainly in cell signalling pathways. They could participate in cellular responses such as apoptosis, proliferation, extracellular matrix adhesion and motility, that have relevance to pathophysiological issues in ischemia, inflammation, repair and tumor progression.

Liver transplantation for hepatopulmonary syndrome: a ten-year experience in Paris, France.

Background: Although the possibility of reversing hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) after liver transplantation is now well established, the proportion of patients in whom reversibility is observed and the time to resolution of HPS remain uncertain.

Methods: We analyzed the outcome of all adult patients with HPS who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation in all the liver transplant centers in Paris, during a 10-year period.

Results: Twenty-three adult patients (median age, 47 years; range, 14-64) underwent transplantation in four institutions.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 increases glucocorticoid binding and signaling in macrophages through a Smad- and activated protein-1-mediated process.

Background: Renal inflammation is regulated by a network of local and systemic mediators. Of them, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta 1) and glucocorticoids play an important role in deactivating monocytes/macrophages. We examined the hypothesis that TGF-beta 1 effects may be partially achieved through modulation of the sensitivity of these cells to glucocorticoids.

[Inflammation, prelude to renal sclerosis: the importance of NF-kappa B].

NF-kappa B comprises a family of transcription factors. These are thought to have a central role in the expression of genes involved in cell mobilization, cell proliferation and cell differentiation, and, hence, in inflammation, repair and fibrosis processes. In particular, NF-kappa B activation appears to drive a number of inflammatory diseases of the kidney and their progression to end-stage renal failure.

Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits interleukin-10 synthesis by human monocytic cells.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1) enhances interleukin-10 (IL-10) synthesis by mouse monocytes/macrophages, suggesting a potential role of IL-10 in mediating some of the anti-inflammatory properties of TGF-beta1. Since differences exist between the transcriptional regulation of human and mouse IL-10, the studies reported here examined whether TGF-beta1 up-regulated IL-10 production by human monocytes/macrophages as well. Exposure of PMA-differentiated U-937 promonocytic cells to TGF-beta1 resulted in an unexpected, dose-dependent decrease in IL-10 production as assessed by specific ELISA.