Normative data for the Spanish versions of the CVLT, WMS-Logical Memory, and RBMT from a sample of middle-aged and old participants.

Episodic memory (EM), one of the most commonly assessed cognitive domains in aging, is useful for identifying pathological processes such as mild cognitive impairment and dementia. However, EM tests must be culturally adapted, and the influence of sociodemographic variables analyzed, to provide cut-off points that enable correct diagnosis. The aim of this article is to report updated Spanish normative data for three EM tests: the California Verbal Learning Test, the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Test, and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test.

Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Clock Drawing Test to Reveal the Cognitive Impairment Pattern.

The prevalence of dementia is currently increasing worldwide. This syndrome produces a deterioration in cognitive function that cannot be reverted. However, an early diagnosis can be crucial for slowing its progress.

Normative scores for attentional tests used by the Spanish consortium for ageing normative data (SCAND) study: Trail Making Test, Digit Symbol and Letter Cancellation.

: This paper reports normative data for different attentional tests obtained from a sample of middle-aged and older native Spanish adults and considering effects of age, educational level and sex. : 2,597 cognitively intact participants, aged from 50 to 98 years old, participated voluntarily in the SCAND consortium studies. The statistical procedure included conversion of percentile ranges into scaled scores.

MADRID+90 study on factors associated with longevity: Study design and preliminary data.

The progressive aging of the population represents a challenge for society. In particular, a strong increase in the number of people over 90 is expected in the next two decades. As this phenomenon will lead to an increase in illness and age-related dependency, the study of long-lived people represents an opportunity to explore which lifestyle factors are associated with healthy aging and which with the emergence of age-related diseases, especially Alzheimer's type dementia.

Spanish Consortium for Ageing Normative Data (SCAND): Screening Tests (MMSE, GDS-15 and MFE).

Background: Detecting cognitive impairment is a priority for health systems. The aim of this study is to create normative data on screening tests (MMSE, GDS and MFE) for middle-aged and older Spanish adults, considering the effects of sociodemographic factors.

Method: A total of 2,030 cognitively intact subjects who lived in the community, aged from 50 to 88 years old, participated voluntarily in SCAND consortium studies.

Impact of individual and neighborhood dimensions of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment over seven-year follow-up.

There is strong evidence about the association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and higher risk of dementia. However, it has not been conveniently addressed so far the role of SES on the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examines the impact of individual and neighbourhood dimensions of SES, as well as their interaction, on the risk of developing MCI in a sample of older adults.

Parkinson Symptoms and Health Related Quality of Life as Predictors of Costs: A Longitudinal Observational Study with Linear Mixed Model Analysis.

Objective: To estimate the magnitude in which Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms and health- related quality of life (HRQoL) determined PD costs over a 4-year period.

Materials And Methods: Data collected during 3-month, each year, for 4 years, from the ELEP study, included sociodemographic, clinical and use of resources information. Costs were calculated yearly, as mean 3-month costs/patient and updated to Spanish €, 2012.

[Quality of life and health status in institutionalized elderly with dementian].

Background: Studies that deepen in the aspects related to quality of life (QoL) of elderly with dementia living in nursing homes in Spain are needed. The aim of this study is to describe the QoL and related aspects in this population.

Methods: Sample of 525 people with dementia older than 60 years in 14 nursing homes.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver's burden in Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: In Parkinson's disease (PD), neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) can be particularly burdensome for caregivers. The main goal of this study was to assess the impact of NPS, assessed by means of a new specific scale, on caregiver burden.

Methods: A sample of 584 pairs of PD patients and their primary caregivers was studied.

A blood-based, 7-metabolite signature for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Accurate blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) could constitute simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive tools for the early diagnosis and treatment of this devastating neurodegenerative disease. We sought to develop a robust AD biomarker panel by identifying alterations in plasma metabolites that persist throughout the continuum of AD pathophysiology. Using a multicenter, cross-sectional study design, we based our analysis on metabolites whose levels were altered both in AD patients and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the earliest identifiable stage of AD.

A short scale for evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders in Parkinson's disease: first psychometric approach.

The neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders affecting Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are common and disabling. A PD-specific interview-based 12-item scale, the Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (SEND-PD), has been developed to assess the severity of neuropsychiatric manifestations. The present study is aimed at testing some basic psychometric attributes of this scale.

[Psychometric properties of the Functional Social Support Questionnaire and the Loneliness Scale in non-institutionalized older adults in Spain].

Objectives: To examine the psychometric properties of the Social Support Questionnaire Duke-UNC (DUFSS) and the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale in a sample of non-institutionalized older adults.

Methods: The sample consisted of 1,106 non-institutionalized older adults included in a national survey on quality of life. Both scales were analyzed according to classical test theory (acceptability, internal consistency, internal validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity and accuracy) and Rasch analysis.

The nondeclaration of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease to health care professionals: an international study using the nonmotor symptoms questionnaire.

The nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) are less well recognised and can be more troublesome to patients and carers than classical motor features. NMS are frequently missed during routine consultations and such under-recognition may have implications on quality of care given that many NMS are treatable. To determine the proportion of patients not declaring NMS to healthcare professional (HCP) as assessed by self completion of the NMS questionnaire (NMSQuest), a validated, self-completing questionnaire with 30 items.

[Validation of the functional independence scale].

Objective: To assess the psychometric quality of an instrument designed to measure functional independence (Functional Independence Scale [FIS]) in several activities of daily living domains and to be applied by trained non-health-related interviewers. The study was carried out in the autonomous region of Madrid in community-dwelling elders.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional validation study.

Psychometric attributes of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Parkinson's disease.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has been used in Parkinson's disease (PD) but information about its psychometric properties in this context is limited. The aim of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the HADS in PD. In an observational, cross-sectional analysis, HADS data quality, acceptability, scaling assumptions, internal consistency, construct validity, and precision were explored.

Specific patient-reported outcome measures for Parkinson's disease: analysis and applications.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are defined as the "patient's report of a health condition and its treatment". This type of assessment encompasses symptoms, functional status, psychological well-being, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and other aspects. PROs are increasingly used in clinical practice and research, owing to the uniqueness of the data they furnish.

Caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that imposes an important burden upon the patient's caregiver. This study aims at assessing caregiver burden (CB) and analyzing its relationship with sociodemographic, emotional, and functional factors, as well as health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The following measures were applied to 80 patients with PD: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the EuroQoL (for HRQoL); and PD-specific measures (Hoehn and Yahr staging and SCOPA-Motor ADL subscale).

[Cognitive assessment in the elderly. Normative data of a Spanish population sample older than 70 years].

Background And Objective: To define the parameters of normal cognitive performance in an easy to administer neuropsychological battery of a Spanish population sample of elderly over 70 years.

Subjects And Method: We examined 527 home dwelling elderly from the longitudinal study Envejecer en Leganés, 71 to 99 years old (mean age [SD] 79 [6.2] years, 51.