Turbulence-induced edge image waviness: theory and experiment.

A theoretical model for the edge image waviness effect is developed for the ground-to-ground imaging scheme and validated by use of IR imagery data collected at the White Sands Missile Range. It is shown that angle-of-arrival (AA) angular anisoplanatism causes the phenomenon of edge image waviness and that the AA correlation scale, not the isoplanatic angle, characterizes the edge image waviness scale. The latter scale is determined by the angular size of the imager and a normalized atmospheric outer scale, and it does not depend on the strength of turbulence along the path.

Tilt angular anisoplanatism and a full-aperture tilt-measurement technique with a laser guide star.

A method is presented for sensing atmospheric wave-front tilt from a laser guide star (LGS) by observing a laser beacon with auxiliary telescopes. The analysis is performed with a LGS scatter model and Zernike polynomial expansion of wave-front distortions. It is shown that integration of the LGS image over its angular extent and the position of the auxiliary telescope in an array reduce the tilt sensing error associated with the contribution from the downward path.

Experimental validation of a technique to measure tilt from a laser guide star.

We have experimentally demonstrated for what is believed to be the first time a method for sensing wave-front tilt with a laser guide star (LGS). The tilt components of wave fronts were measured synchronously from the LGS by use of a telescope with a 0.75-m effective aperture and from the star Polaris by use of a 1.

Experimental validation of the differential image motion lidar concept.

We have experimentally validated the concept of a differential image motion (DIM) lidar for measuring vertical profiles of the refractive-index structure characteristic C(n)(2) by building a hard-target analog of the DIM lidar and testing it against a conventional scintillometer on a 300-m horizontal path throughout a range of turbulent conditions. The test results supported the concept and confirmed that structure characteristic C(n)(2) can be accurately measured with this method.

Investigation of the Cauchy-Riemann equations for one-dimensional image recovery in intensity interferometry.

A method of image recovery using noniterative phase retrieval is proposed and investigated by simulation. This method adapts the Cauchy-Riemann equations to evaluate derivatives of phase based on derivatives of magnitude. The noise sensitivity of the approach is reduced by employing a least-mean-squares fit.

Effect of the stratosphere on star image motion.

The joint effect of non-Kolmogorov stratospheric and Kolmogorov tropospheric turbulence on star image motion is studied, and the theoretical predictions are compared with measured data. It is shown that for a large telescope the stratospheric effect has been dramatically underestimated. The techniques that permitted us to single out the contribution of the stratosphere to star image motion and to exclude the effect of uncontrolled telescope motion on the measured data are described.

Multiple drug effect analysis with confidence interval.

The development of mathematical models for determining antagonism, synergy or additivism for drug combinations is becoming increasingly important in medical research and medicine. This paper describes improvements in the Chou and Talalay method which provides for the first time confidence intervals for the combination index. The Monte Carlo technique was used to calculate the confidence intervals and to obtain the new parameters which are needed for the modified interaction diagnosis.

Effect of atmospheric turbulence on heterodyne lidar performance.

The effect of atmospheric turbulence on heterodyne lidar performance is studied by use of scattering theory. A theoretical analysis is carried out for both bistatic and monostatic lidar systems with independently variable transmitter and receiver parameters in regimes of weak and strong intensity fluctuations. The conditions of validity of a diffuse target model for description of the optical wave scattering by aerosols in a turbulent atmosphere are presented.

[The effect of vasotocin and mesotocin on the suprarenal gland of the frog Rana temporaria in vivo and in vitro].

Biochemical and morphometric analyses have been made of the effects of nonapeptide neurohormones, vasotocin and mesotocin, on the chromaffin tissue of the adrenal gland of the frog, both in vivo and in vitro experiments. It was shown that vasotocin exerts stimulating effect on the suprarenal gland whereas mesotocin inhibits the latter. In vitro experiments revealed that adrenalin may abolish the effect of nonapeptides on the suprarenal gland.

[The effect of vasotocin, mesotocin and adrenaline on the interrenal gland in the frog Rana temporaria under in-vitro conditions].

Morphometric studies indicate that vasotocin increases the activity of the adrenal gland in frogs, whereas mesotocin and epinephrine do not essentially affect it. Combination of epinephrine with nonapeptides in cultural medium showed that the former may abolish the effect of vasotocin on the adrenal gland.

[The effect of injections of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin on the function of the interrenal gland in the frog Rana temporaria 2 months after the removal of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis].

Morphometric and biochemical studies have been made on the activity of interrenal gland in the frog Rana temporaria after removal of the anterior lobe of pituitary and injections of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin. It was demonstrated that the activity of this gland after the operation decreases increasing after arginine vasotocin injections.

[The reaction of the thyroid in the frog Rana temporaria to arginine-vasotocin administration].

Using morphometric technique, it has been shown that single and especially three successive injections of a hypothalamic nonapeptide neurohormone, arginin-vasotocin (5.10(-9) M/kg of body weight) affect functional activity of the thyroid gland in sexually mature male frogs which had been subjected to hypophysectomy 10 or 60 days before neurohormonal treatment. These data presumably confirm a hypothesis about the direct para-adenohypophysial influence of the hypothalamic nonapeptide neurohormone on the peripheral endocrine glands, particularly, the thyroid one.

[The effect of dehydration on the functional activity of the interrenal gland in adenohypophysectomized Rana catesbeiana frogs. A preliminary report].

A significant increase of the content of corticosterone in the blood collected from intravenous cannula or by intracardiac punction has been detected using radioimmunoassay in non-operated and adenohypophysectomized frogs Rana catesbeiana subjected to dehydration in 6.2% mannitol solution during 24 hours. The osmolality of the blood plasma of these animals also increases although less significantly than the growth of plasma corticosterone content.

[The direct stimulating effect of arginine vasotocin on the functional activity of the interrenal gland in the frog Rana temporaria].

Using radioimmunoassay it has been detected that both nonoperated and hypophysectomized, lacking endogenous ACTH, frogs injected one or three times with arginine vasotocin (5.10(-9) M/kg b. w.

[The effect of serotonin on the hypothalamic structures that participate in the regulation of the hypophyseal-adrenal cortex system].

The activation of the 11-hydroxycorticosteroids secretion by 5-hydroxytryptophan was confirmed in intact rats as well as in those with isolated mediobasal hypothalamus. Deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus did not prevent an increase of corticoliberin and vasopressin content in the external median eminence after adrenalectomy and led to an opposite response after 5-hydroxytryptophan injection in these rats. The activation of the vasopressinergic cells and increase of portal vessels' lumen occurred under the 5-hydroxytryptophan effect, particularly in rats subjected to deafferentation combined with adrenalectomy.

[Morphofunctional research on the interrenal gland of the frog Rana temporaria following arginine vasotocin administration].

Studies have been made of the effect of injections of hypothalamic nonapeptide neurohormone, arginine vasotocin, on functional condition of the interrenal gland in mature frogs. In unoperated, sham-operated and in animals 10 days after hypophysectomy, single and especially three subsequent injections of arginine vasotocin (5 x 10(-9) M per 1 kg of the body weight) result in evident activation of glandular cells of the interrenal gland which is manifested in the increase of the volume of their nuclei and cytoplasmic area, as well as in the dilatation of the blood vessels. Activation of the interrenal gland in hypophysectomized frogs, which lack endogenous ACTH, indicate the direct para-adenohypophyseal influences of nonapeptide hypothalamic hormones on the activity of glandular cells in the peripheral endocrine glands, in particular, the interrenal gland of the grass frog.

[Age-related dynamics of the response of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in rats to a change in corticoid levels of the blood].

Hypothalamic vasopressin- and corticoliberinergic neurosecretory cells are able to change their activity after true or shame adrenalectomy in respect to the level of corticoids even in 10-day old rats. Vasopressin and corticoliberin accumulate in the nerve fiber terminals of the median eminence external zone a few days after surgery in young rats as opposed to the accumulation within 2-3 weeks usually observed in adults. The underdifferentiation of neurovascular relations in the neurohaemal area seems to be the reason for [areactivity] of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in young rats.

[Characteristics of neurosecretory centers of the rat hypothalamus associated with the regulation of adrenal cortex function].

The reaction of neurosecretory cells of some hypothalamic centers of rats of different age to experimental change of the blood level of corticoids to elucidate their role in the regulation of function of the hypophyseoadrenocortical system was studied. Immunohistochemical methods revealed corticoliberin- and vasopressinergic cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and vasopressinergic cells in the anterocommissural group of neurosecretory cells and in the supraoptic nucleus. The number of revealed corticoliberin-immunoreactive cells and the value of nucleoli of vasopressinergic cells served an indicator of the intensity of synthesis of neurohormones.

[Adenosine triphosphatase activity in the osmoregulatory organs of vertebrates].

Studies have been made on the activity of cation- and anion-stimulated ATPases, as well as succinic dehydrogenase in homogenates and subcellular fractions from osmoregulatory organs of marine (elasmobranch and teleost) and freshwater (teleost) fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The activity of Na+, K+-ATPase was found to be rather similar in almost all osmoregulatory organs of the species investigated. The highest level of Cl-stimulated ATPase was found in microsomal fraction of the kidneys from birds and mammals.

Longitudinal turbulent overfocusing of radiation in optical receivers.

The effect of longitudinal overfocusing of the radiation in optical receivers that is due to refractive-index fluctuations in air has been experimentally investigated. The dependence of the magnitude of the source-image plane shift on the turbulence intensity along the path is estimated. It is shown that the use of a variable observation plane, which takes into account the shift of the source image plane with the change in the turbulent state of a medium, permits reduction of the mean spot size by a factor of 1.

[Ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells of the anterior commissural nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats].

The ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells of the anterior commissural nucleus of rat hypothalamus is similar to that of the supraoptic nucleus and of the "magnocellular" part of the paraventricular nucleus. The only difference is a less expressed granular endoplasmatic reticulum and a smaller diameter of elementary neurosecretory granules (80-150 nm in diameter). Such elementary granules are characteristic of neurosecretory terminals located in the external zone of the median eminence.