The Association of Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Concentrations and Inflammation Markers in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Objectives: Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an emerging molecule that is highlighted in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in lung cancer. Since elevated concentrations of ADMA are observed in lung cancer patients, we aimed to explore its associations with inflammation markers and established prognostic indices.

Use of refractive aids among adults in a general population.

Spectacles and contact lenses are important for conducting a normal life in a large part of the general population. The purpose of this study was to estimate the use of these refractive aids in a normal adult population, and to identify characteristics of persons who should be targeted in order to improve uncorrected refraction. In the FORSYN study, 10,350 citizens representative for the adult Danish population were invited for a non-cycloplegic eye examination.

Systemic Hypoxia and Interventions on Nitric Oxide Metabolism Affect Retinal Vasomotion in Healthy Subjects.

Purpose: Previous in vitro studies on porcine retinal arterioles have shown that the frequency and amplitude of retinal vasomotion can be affected by hypoxia and nitric oxide (NO). However, it is unknown whether these effects can be reproduced in humans in vivo.

Methods: Video recordings of retinal arterioles from 40 healthy subjects were studied before and during breathing of a hypoxic gas mixture consisting of 12.

Multiple gene therapy as a tool for regulating the expression of molecules involved in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies have revolutionized the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and other retinal diseases. However, the necessity for repeated intravitreal injections and the observation of variable treatment responses calls for new treatment modalities where fewer and more effective interventions can result in a clinical effect. Gene therapy might be such an alternative, and therefore the development and clinical application of gene therapy aimed at modifying gene expression has received considerable attention.

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication in patients with diabetes, and screening for sight-threatening end-stages is indicated to avoid severe visual loss. Screening of DR is nationally implemented in Denmark according to evidence-based national guidelines, which includes the use of individualised screening intervals. Treatment is indicated for proliferative DR and diabetic macular oedema, and treatment modalities include retinal laser therapy, intravitreal angiostatic therapy, and vitrectomy.

The role of phacoemulsification surgery in the incidence rate of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Purpose: To investigate changes in the incidence rate of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery over time and to determine to what extent these changes can be attributed to pseudophakia.

Methods: This nationwide cohort study was based on national patient registries. The study population comprised individuals at risk of RRD aged 40 years and above from 2006 to 2021 in Denmark.

Ophthalmic quality of life in the adult Danish population: an epidemiological study.

Background: Ophthalmic quality of life (OQoL) has been investigated in selected parts of general populations and in patients with ocular disease, but OQoL in unselected general populations has not been studied in detail. The present study reports OQoL obtained from a representative sample of the adult Danish population 2020-2022.

Methods: The FORSYN study invited 10 350 citizen representatives for the adult Danish population for a non-mydriatic eye examination and answer the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire with 39 items in the validated Danish translation.

Presence and development of diabetic retinopathy in 16 999 patients with type 1 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate the five-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and associated risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes in the national Danish DR-screening programme.

Methods: Based on national data, we included all 16 999 patients with type 1 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, who attended the national screening programme in the period 2013-2018. According to the worse eye at first screening, DR was classified (levels 0-4) and linked with various national health registries to retrieve information on diabetes duration, systemic comorbidity, and medication.

Thyroid dysfunction and exudative age-related macular degeneration - A longitudinal nationwide registry-based cohort study.

Purpose: The association between thyroid dysfunction and exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is unknown.

Methods: In this Danish longitudinal nationwide registry-based cohort study we included all Danish residents aged 50-100 between 2008 and 2018. Using the Danish national registries, we studied the association between thyroid dysfunction and exudative AMD.

Subretinal AAV delivery of RNAi-therapeutics targeting reduces choroidal neovascularization in a large animal model.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a frequent cause of vision loss among the elderly in the Western world. Current disease management with repeated injections of anti-VEGF agents accumulates the risk for adverse events and constitutes a burden for society and the individual patient. Sustained suppression of VEGF using gene therapy is an attractive alternative, which we explored using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based delivery of novel RNA interference (RNAi) effectors in a porcine model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

Convergence insufficiency in patients with post-concussion syndrome is accompanied by a higher symptom load: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of convergence insufficiency (CI) in adult patients with post-concussion syndrome and determine the impact of CI on symptom load.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 103 patients with neurological symptoms 2-6 months after a concussion. Symptoms were assessed with the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), and CI was diagnosed using near point of convergence, vergence facility, and the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey.

Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy According to Subtype of Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided on the basis of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. We investigated the presence, incidence, and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) according to subtypes of type 2 diabetes. In a national cohort, we identified three subtypes of type 2 diabetes: classical, hyperinsulinemic, and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes, based on HOMA2 measurements.

Two-Year Results of 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops and 0.1% Loading Dose for Myopia Progression Reduction in Danish Children: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial.

We investigated the two-year safety and efficacy of 0.1% loading dose and 0.01% low-dose atropine eye drops in Danish children for reduction in myopia progression in an investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.

Diabetic retinopathy as an independent marker of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: Results from a nationwide longitudinal matched case-cohort study.

Purpose: To investigate diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a potential marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults with type 1 diabetes attending the Danish DR-screening programme and non-diabetes adults.

Methods: In this registry-based matched case-cohort study, we identified 16 547 adults with type 1 diabetes, who were registered in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy (DiaBase). Each case was age- and sex-matched by five non-diabetes individuals (n = 82 399), and odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for incident and upcoming CVD in multivariable models.

Individualised screening for diabetic retinopathy with proliferative retinopathy and macular oedema as separate end points.

Purpose: A number of algorithms have been developed to calculate screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy on the basis of individual risk factors. However, these approaches have not considered proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular oedema (DME) as separate end points and death as competing risk.

Methods: A multi-state survival model with death as competing risk was used to predict the screening interval for diabetic retinopathy based on information about all 2446 patients from a well-defined population who had started treatment for either PDR or DME during 25 years.

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This review investigates age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is a degenerative retinal disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown, but tobacco smoking is a significant risk factor for the development of the disease. The wet form of AMD can be treated by intraocular injection of an antibody that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which is involved in the disease process.

Safety and efficacy of 0.01% and 0.1% low-dose atropine eye drop regimens for reduction of myopia progression in Danish children: a randomized clinical trial examining one-year effect and safety.

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% and 0.01% low-dose atropine eye drops in reducing myopia progression in Danish children.

Increased Oxygen Saturation in Retinal Venules During Isometric Exercise Is Accompanied With Increased Peripheral Blood Flow in Normal Persons.

Purpose: A recent study has shown that an increase in the arterial blood pressure of approximately 10 mm Hg in healthy persons can increase the oxygen saturation in venules from the retinal periphery but not from the macular area. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a higher increase in blood pressure has further effects on oxygen saturations and whether this is accompanied with changes in retinal blood flow.

Methods: In 30 healthy persons, oxygen saturation, diameter, and blood flow were measured in arterioles to and venules from the retinal periphery and the macular area.

Longitudinal bidirectional associations between diabetic retinopathy and diagnosed depression: Results from a Danish nationwide registry-based cohort study.

Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a feared complication and a leading course of visual impairment, but the connection between DR and depression including the direction has never been studied in a nationwide cohort. We aimed to assess, whether the associations between DR and diagnosed depression are bidirectional.

Methods: We performed a national register-based cohort study of individuals with type 2 diabetes, who attended diabetic eye screening between January 2013 and June 2022.

The vasoactive effects of bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide and neuropeptide Y depend on the perivascular tissue in porcine retinal arterioles in vitro.

Purpose: The retina contains a number of vasoactive neuropeptides and corresponding receptors, but the role of these neuropeptides for tone regulation of retinal arterioles has not been studied in detail.

Methods: Porcine arterioles with preserved perivascular retinal tissue were mounted in a wire myograph, and the tone was measured after the addition of increasing concentrations of bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The experiments were performed during inhibition of the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins and dopamine and were repeated after removal of the perivascular retinal tissue.

Visual Function and Inner Retinal Structure in Relation to Birth Factors in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy.

Purpose: The extreme variation in expressivity of autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is unexplained. It is present from early childhood, why there is reason to search for pre- and perinatal risk factors for poor vision in ADOA. The process of ganglion cell pruning in the fetus is of interest because mitochondria are involved in apoptosis.

Porcine models of choroidal neovascularization: A systematic review.

Animal models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) are extensively used in translational studies of CNV formation and to evaluate angiostatic treatment strategies. However, the current paucity of large animal models compared with rodent models constitutes a knowledge gap regarding the clinical translation of findings. Ocular anatomical and physiological similarities to humans suggest the pig as a relevant model animal.