Spatiotemporal variations and tradeoff-synergy relations of ecosystem services under ecological water replenishment in Baiyangdian Lake, North China.

Understanding dynamic variations of ecosystem services (ESs) and their tradeoff-synergy relations under ecological water replenishment (EWR) is conducive to the formulation of effective eco-environmental management strategies. In this study, spatiotemporal variations of three leading ESs, namely habitat quality, carbon storage and water yield services influenced by EWR in Baiyangdian Lake, North China from 1991 to 2019, were investigated using the "Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs" (InVEST) model, and their tradeoff-synergy relations were quantitatively assessed with correlation analysis methods. Our results showed that habitat quality had continuously declined, whereas it got a steady improvement after the year of 2015.