Evolution and effectiveness of bilateral and multilateral development assistance for health: a mixed-methods review of trends and strategic shifts (1990-2022).

Background: Development assistance for health (DAH) plays a vital role in supporting health programmes in low- and middle-income countries. While DAH has historically focused on infectious diseases and maternal and child health, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of DAH trends, strategic shifts and their impact on health systems and outcomes. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of DAH from 1990 to 2022, examining its evolution and funding allocation shifts.

Delphi definition of general practice/family medicine specialty for a post-COVID world: in-person and remote care delivery.

Introduction: The evolving landscape of general practice (GP)/family medicine (FM) in the post-COVID-19 era, focussing on integrating telemedicine and remote consultations requires a new definition for this specialty. Hence, a broader consensus-based definition of post-COVID-19 GP/FM is warranted.

Methods: This study involved a modified electronic Delphi technique involving 27 specialists working in primary care recruited via convenient and snowball sampling.

Effectiveness of specialist involvement in case discussion conferences with primary healthcare providers on the management of type 2 diabetes patients: a study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Background: In supporting primary healthcare in delivering high-quality care for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), previous research emphasized strategies to facilitate communication and collaboration between primary healthcare providers and hospitals. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of case discussion conferences between specialists from hospitals and primary healthcare providers in China on the optimization of diabetes management and the improvement of patient health outcomes.

Methods: This study will be a parallel cluster randomized controlled trial in which primary healthcare institutions in Shouguang city and Shangsi County will be randomly allocated to the intervention and control groups.

Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Herpes Zoster Vaccination Among Chinese Adults: Discrete Choice Experiment.

Background: The incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) is rapidly increasing, causing both clinical and economic burdens in China. Very little is known about Chinese residents' HZ vaccine preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for each vaccination attribute.

Objective: This study aims to elicit the preferences of Chinese urban adults (aged 25 years or older) regarding HZ vaccination programs and to calculate WTP for each vaccination attribute.

Trends in resource allocation for primary health care in rural China: Concentration curve and decomposition analysis.

Since 2009, China has made large investments in strengthening the primary healthcare system. This study aimed to examine the trends in the number and distribution of health resources in rural China following the health system reform and to decompose the sources of inequalities. Data were collected from standardized reports compiled by each county in rural China and compiled by the National Health Commission and Bureau of Statistics.

Primary care providers' preferences for pay-for-performance programs: a discrete choice experiment study in Shandong China.

Background: Pay-for-performance (P4P) schemes are commonly used to incentivize primary healthcare (PHC) providers to improve the quality of care they deliver. However, the effectiveness of P4P schemes can vary depending on their design. In this study, we aimed to investigate the preferences of PHC providers for participating in P4P programs in a city in Shandong province, China.

Willingness to vaccinate against herpes zoster in Chinese urban population: a mixed-methods study.

Objective: Although the herpes zoster vaccine has been available in mainland China since June 2020, residents' knowledge of herpes zoster and the herpes zoster vaccine is poor, and vaccination rates are low, especially among the elderly, who are at high risk for herpes zoster. This study assessed willingness to be vaccinated against herpes zoster and factors associated with vaccination among urban residents in China.

Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted in community health centres from August 2022 to September 2022.

A sensitive bimetallic copper/bismuth metal-organic frameworks-based aptasensors for zearalenone detection in foodstuffs.

Electrochemical aptasensors have emerged as promising platforms for effectivelydetection of various target analytes. Here, we developed a sensitive and selective electrochemical aptasensor for zearalenone (ZEN) determination based on a bimetallic organic framework (CuBi-BPDC). The results of HR-TEM, FE-SEM, XPS, etc.

Study on the determinants of health professionals' performance on diabetes management care in China.

Background: As the direct providers of diabetes management care in primary health care facilities (PHFs) in China, health professionals' performance on management care of diabetes determines the quality of services and patients' outcomes. This study aims to analyze the key determinants of health professionals' performance on diabetes management care in PHFs in China.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 72 PHFs in 6 cities that piloted the contracted family doctor service (CFDS).

Continuity of health care: measurement and application in two rural counties of Guangxi Province, China.

Background: Continuity of care (COC) is highly regarded in health promotion and health system strengthening. However, there is a lack of multidimensional quantitative assessment of continuity, making it challenging to evaluate and compare. Our objective was to create a novel measurement for COC and apply it in two rural counties in China to assess its validity and feasibility in evaluating health system reform.

Correlation between input on public health services and work motivation among primary health workers in China.

Background: The integration of public health services into primary health care has been advocated and practiced worldwide for better management of preventable diseases. Health policy makers in China have started the reforms to better integrate public health services and clinical services, but public health services in China still remained neglected in primary health system. This study aimed to explore the input of Chinese primary health workers on delivering public health services and its association with their intrinsic working motivation in China.

The Association Between Financial Incentives and Job Performance Among Primary Care Providers in Six Provinces of China.

Objective: This study aims to explore the association between financial incentives and job performance of primary care providers (PCPs) from a nationally representative survey in China.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in six provinces of China in 2019. A sample of 1388 PCPs participated in the survey was selected using a stratified cluster sampling method.

A guideline for economic evaluations of vaccines and immunization programs in China.

This study aimed to develop a consensus framework for economic evaluations of vaccines as a national guideline in China. Some unique and important aspects were particularly emphasized. Nineteen Chinese experts in the field of health economics and immunization decision-making were nominated to select and discuss relevant aspects of vaccine economic evaluations in China.

Incentives Promoting Contracted Family Doctor Service Policy to Improve Continuity and Coordination in Diabetes Patient Management Care in China.

Background: As the first step toward building a gatekeeping system in China, the governments have introduced a contracted family doctor service (CFDS) policy in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities. This study was to examine the association between apply of incentive to improve the implementation of CFDS and the performance on diabetes management care.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 72 PHC facilities in 6 cities that piloted the CFDS.

Work Motivation of Primary Health Workers in China: The Translation of a Measurement Scale and Its Correlation with Turnover Intention.

Background: High turnover intention, as a manifestation of low work motivation, is a crucial barrier to strengthening primary health systems worldwide, including in China. Targeting those being less motivated will be a realistic choice to retain primary health workers. This study translate, adapt, and validate the Work Motivation Scale for Health Workers (WMSHW) scale to directly measure and rate health workers' motivation composition based on Self-Determination Theory, and assessed how health workers with different levels of motivation being associated with the turnover intention.

An extension of the RIGHT statement for introductions and interpretations of clinical practice guidelines: RIGHT for INT.

Objective: The purpose of the extension of the RIGHT Statement for INTroductions and INTerpretations of Clinical Practice Guidelines (RIGHT for INT) is to promote the development of comprehensive and clear articles that introduce and interpret clinical practice guidelines.

Methods: The RIGHT for INT checklist was developed following methods recommended by the EQUATOR Network. The development process included three stages.

Willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine among the elderly and the chronic disease population in China.

A cross-sectional field survey was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 among 7259 participants to investigate the public perception, willingness, and information sources for COVID-19 vaccination, with the focus on the elderly and non-communicable chronic disease (NCD) population. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify associated factors of the vaccination willingness. The willingness rate of the elderly to accept the future COVID-19 vaccine (79.

Satisfaction of Township Hospitals Health Workers on How They Are Paid in China.

Background: Township Hospitals (THs) are crucial providers in China's primary health delivery system. Low job satisfaction of THs health workers has been one of biggest challenges to strengthening the health system in China. Even huge amounts of studies confirmed low remuneration level as a key demotivating factor though few studies have explored the feelings of health workers on how they were paid.

Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among household members: a cross-sectional study in Beijing.

HBV prevention and control presents a global public health priority because of the tremendous economic and healthcare burdens involved. This study was designed to investigate the status of HBV epidemics among household members, and to analyze the risk factors of HBV infection in couples and their offspring. A total of 1,035 couples and 541 offspring were included.

Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings.

Background: Changes to the method of payment for healthcare providers, including pay-for-performance schemes, are increasingly being used by governments, health insurers, and employers to help align financial incentives with health system goals. In this review we focused on changes to the method and level of payment for all types of healthcare providers in outpatient healthcare settings. Outpatient healthcare settings, broadly defined as 'out of hospital' care including primary care, are important for health systems in reducing the use of more expensive hospital services.

Training primary healthcare workers in China's township hospitals: a mixed methods study.

Background: Primary health care (PHC) was a keystone toward achieving universal health coverage and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). China has made efforts to strengthen its PHC institutions. As part of such efforts, regular in-service training is crucial for primary healthcare workers (PHWs) to strengthen their knowledge and keep their skills up to date.

Health system reforms in China a half century apart: Continuity but adaptation.

Well-functioning governance arrangements are an essential, but often overlooked or poorly understood contributor to high quality health systems. Yet governance systems are embedded in institutional structures and shaped by cultural norms that can be difficult to change. We look at a country that has implemented two major health system reforms separated by half a century during which it has undergone remarkable political, economic, and social change.

How Can One Strengthen a Tiered Healthcare System through Health System Reform? Lessons Learnt from Beijing, China.

How one can reshape the current healthcare sector into a tiered healthcare system with clarified division of functions between primary care facilities and hospitals, and improve the utilization of primary care, is a worldwide problem, especially for the low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper aimed to evaluate the impact of the Beijing Reform on healthcare-seeking behavior and tried to explain the mechanism of the change of patient flow. In this before and after study, we evaluated the changes of outpatient visits and inpatient visits among different levels of health facilities.

The significance of IL-28B and CK-18 M30 levels in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in SD rats.

Aims: To investigate the role of IL-28B and CK-18 M30 in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats.

Methods: The rat NASH model was constructed by high-fat diet feeding and confirmed by liver tissue pathology analysis. The CK-18 M30, IL-28B, liver function and blood lipid were detected.

Job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention among primary care providers in rural China: results from structural equation modeling.

Background: Low job satisfaction, severe burnout and high turnover intention are found to be prevalent among the primary care providers (PCPs) in township health centers (THCs), but their associations have received scant attention in the literature. In light of this, this study aims to examine the relationships between job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention, and explore the predictors of turnover intention with a view to retaining PCPs in rural China.

Methods: Using the multistage cluster sampling method, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shandong Province, China.