Guidance for shared decision-making regarding orchiectomy in individuals with differences of sex development due to 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency.

17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency is a 46,XY difference of sex development (DSD) that may present in childhood with inguinal testes or at puberty following virilization. We present four individuals, assigned female at birth, to highlight complexities and considerations surrounding orchiectomy. We reviewed the literature and created a "FACT sheet" to guide shared decision-making for patients, parents, and providers.

DSD-related attitudes and beliefs held by pediatric endocrinologists and urologists: Insights from the North American disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) clinician survey.

Background: Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSD) encompass congenital conditions with atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex. Due to the rarity and complexity of these conditions, strong evidence for clinical practices is scarce, leading to controversies in management.

Objective: This study, part of a broader project, examines changes over time in the attitudes and beliefs of DSD healthcare providers, focusing on factors contributing to patients' life satisfaction and the influence of medical specialty, gender, and age.

Recommendations for 46,XX Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Across Two Decades: Insights from the North American Differences of Sex Development Clinician Survey.

Several aspects of clinical management of 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) remain unsettled and controversial. The North American Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSD) Clinician Survey investigated changes, over the last two decades, in clinical recommendations by specialists involved in the management of newborns with DSD. Members of the (Lawson Wilkins) Pediatric Endocrine Society and the Societies for Pediatric Urology participated in a web-based survey at three timepoints: 2003-2004 (T1, n = 432), 2010-2011 (T2, n = 441), and 2020 (T3, n = 272).

Gender Incongruence and Autistic Traits: Cerebral and Behavioral Underpinnings.

Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) co-occur at high rates. Yet, it is unknown whether gender dysphoria and ASD are associated with common or distinct neurobiological correlates or how they relate to experiences of gender-related body incongruence. Using the Social Responsiveness Scale, we assessed autistic traits in 99 transgender and 99 cisgender individuals and investigated their associations with gender-related body incongruence, measured via a visually based "Body Morph" test, and with cortical thickness in the brain.

The Epidemiology of Gender Dysphoria in Iran: The First Nationwide Study.

Gender dysphoria (GD) is defined as a persistent and distressful incongruence between one's gender identity and one's at-birth-assigned sex. Sex reassignment has been religiously accepted for transgender individuals in postrevolutionary Iran since 1987; however, very little is known about how many individuals seek and receive such treatment annually. This study provides the first nationwide effort to assess the prevalence of GD in Iran as a function of diagnosis.

Psychiatric morbidity among adult transgender people in Iran.

Psychiatric morbidity among transgender and gender diverse people is thought to be to an important extent related to socio-cultural intolerance, but such morbidity has been understudied in non-western socio-political contexts. This study aims to report the psychiatric profiles of clients who are seeking gender-affirming treatment in a gender clinic in Iran. All transgender people who were consecutively referred to the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Mashhad, Iran, between February 2015 and December 2016 were investigated.

The Neuroanatomy of Transgender Identity: Mega-Analytic Findings From the ENIGMA Transgender Persons Working Group.

Background: In contrast to cisgender persons, transgender persons identify with a different gender than the one assigned at birth. Although research on the underlying neurobiology of transgender persons has been accumulating over the years, neuroimaging studies in this relatively rare population are often based on very small samples resulting in discrepant findings.

Aim: To examine the neurobiology of transgender persons in a large sample.

Cortical Gyrification in Transgender Individuals.

Gender incongruence (GI) is characterized by a feeling of estrangement from the own body in the context of self. GI is often described in people who identify as transgender. The underlying mechanisms are unknown.

Cross-sex hormone treatment and own-body perception: behavioral and brain connectivity profiles.

Referrals for gender dysphoria (GD), characterized by a distressful incongruence between gender identity and at-birth assigned sex, are steadily increasing. The underlying neurobiology, and the mechanisms of the often-beneficial cross-sex hormone treatment are unknown. Here, we test hypothesis that own body perception networks (incorporated in the default mode network-DMN, and partly in the salience network-SN), are different in trans-compared with cis-gender persons.

Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in Androphilic Males and Gynephilic Females Diagnosed With Gender Dysphoria From Iran.

Background: This study investigated the effect of older brothers on sexual orientation in male adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria and the effect of older sisters on sexual orientation in female adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria from Iran.

Aim: To assess for the presence of a fraternal birth order effect in transgender androphilic males and a sororal birth order effect in transgender gynephilic females.

Methods: The subjects were 92 transgender males and 107 transgender females (all of whom met the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria), together with 72 male and 78 female clinical controls.

2D:4D Suggests a Role of Prenatal Testosterone in Gender Dysphoria.

Gender dysphoria (GD) reflects distress caused by incongruence between one's experienced gender identity and one's natal (assigned) gender. Previous studies suggest that high levels of prenatal testosterone (T) in natal females and low levels in natal males might contribute to GD. Here, we investigated if the 2D:4D digit ratio, a biomarker of prenatal T effects, is related to GD.

Recalled pre-school activities among adults with gender dysphoria who seek gender confirming treatment-An Iranian study.

Preschool play behaviors have been frequently shown to be associated with prenatal androgens. It has also been proposed that incongruent sex-typed play behaviors in childhood is associated with gender dysphoria in adulthood in both men and women. Most of these studies, however, have been conducted in western countries.

Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Gender Change in Individuals with 46,XY and 46,XX Disorders of Sex Development: An Iranian Multicenter Study.

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the typical genetic and hormonal profiles are affected and thereby the usual process of sexual differentiation. Most of these studies, however, have been conducted in Western countries. In the present study, preschool sex-typed activities of Iranian individuals with DSD and their age-matched non-affected male and female relatives were assessed using the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI) modified for retrospective self-report.

Views of individuals with gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development on sexism: An Iranian study.

Ambivalent sexist attitudes have been previously measured regarding several factors such as sex, race and religion. In this study, we evaluated the ambivalent sexism among Iranian individuals with gender dysphoria with or without disorders of sex development (DSD). Attitudes towards gender stereotypes were investigated using Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) among three groups of participants with varying psychosexual outcome.

Prenatal testosterone and theory of mind development: Findings from disorders of sex development.

Women on average perform better than men on the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test (RMET) which is a measure of Theory of Mind (ToM). The aim of this study was to assess whether these sex differences are influenced by differences in prenatal testosterone levels through a study on individuals with Disorders of Sex Development and matched controls. ToM performance was examined using the RMET in female-assigned-at-birth individuals with increased prenatal testosterone exposure (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) and 5-alpha Reductase type-2 Deficiency (5α-RD-2)), female-assigned-at-birth individuals with testosterone insensitivity (Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)), and their age-matched unaffected male and female relatives.

Mental Health and Disorders of Sex Development/Intersex Conditions in Iranian Culture: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, 5-α Reductase Deficiency-Type 2, and Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.

Sixty-one patients (22 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia [CAH] with a mean age of 14.86 years [range, 5-23], 20 patients with 5-α reductase deficiency type 2 [5α-RD-2] with a mean age of 19.5 years [range, 5-29], and 19 patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome [CAIS] with a mean age of 18.

Sexual orientation and medical history among Iranian people with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Objective: To report sexual orientation, relationship status and medical history of Iranian people with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) who were raised female.

Methods: Our participants consisted of nineteen 46,XY individuals with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) and eighteen 46,XX individuals with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) who were raised as females and older than 13years. As well as their relationship status and detailed medical history, an expert psychiatrist assessed their sexual orientation by a semi-structured psychiatric interview with them and, where applicable, their parents.

Psychosexual Outcome Among Iranian Individuals With 5α-Reductase Deficiency Type 2 and Its Relationship With Parental Sexism.

Introduction: Few studies exist on the psychosexual outcome of homogeneous groups of individuals with 5α-reductase deficiency type 2 (5α-RD-2) and the relation between gender changes and parental hostile and benevolent sexism, which are two components of ambivalent sexism that assume a stereotypical approach toward women in an overtly negative way or a chivalrous, seemingly positive way.

Aim: To report on the psychosexual outcome of individuals with 5α-RD-2 and to investigate its relation to the level of parental sexism in a relatively large sample of Iranians with 5α-RD-2.

Methods: Twenty participants (mean age = 19.

The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test: Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Test-Retest Reliability of the Persian Version.

The psychometric properties of the Persian "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test were investigated, so were the predictions from the Empathizing-Systemizing theory of psychological sex differences. Adults aged 16-69 years old (N = 545, female = 51.7 %) completed the test online.