SpoIIQ-dependent localization of SpoIIE contributes to septal stability and compartmentalization during the engulfment stage of sporulation.

During spore development in bacteria, a polar septum separates two transcriptionally distinct cellular compartments, the mother cell and the forespore. The conserved serine phosphatase SpoIIE is known for its critical role in the formation of this septum and activation of compartment-specific transcription in the forespore. Signaling between the mother cell and forespore then leads to activation of mother cell transcription and a phagocytic-like process called engulfment, which involves dramatic remodeling of the septum and requires a balance between peptidoglycan synthesis and hydrolysis to ensure septal stability and compartmentalization.

Frequency of Fusion Inhibitor Resistance Mutations Among Therapy-Naïve HIV Patients.

Glycoprotein 41 (gp41) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein plays a critical role in membrane fusion. Gp41 binds to proteins in the plasma membrane of CD4 T cells, particularly the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). These findings indicate that gp41 is involved in the assembly of HIV-1 at the plasma membrane of T cells and affects the stimulation of the TCR.

Interaction Between and , Vital for Inhibition.

It was confirmed that the sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 () limits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. In contrast, viral protein x () in HIV-2 and some simian immunodeficiency viruses can counteract this effect. The possible interaction between and was suggested by previous studies; however, there are no data to confirm this interaction.

Transmitted Drug Resistance Against Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in Iranian HIV-Infected Naïve Patients.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has claimed the lives of millions of people during the past decades. While several antiretroviral drugs like Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) have been introduced to control HIV, Transmitted Drug Resistance (TDR) in HIV genome caused failure in treatment. This study aimed to investigate TDR and natural occurring mutations (NOPs) in HIV integrase gene in Iranian HIV patients.

Bacteriophages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, their diversity, and potential therapeutic uses: a review.

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a highly infectious disease and worldwide health problem. Based on the WHO TB report, 9 million active TB cases are emerging, leading to 2 million deaths each year.

Functional and Structural Characterization of SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: An Study.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which has been considered as a pandemic by WHO. SARS-CoV-2 encodes four major structural proteins, among which spike protein has always been a main target for new vaccine studies. This in silico study aimed to investigate some physicochemical, functional, immunological, and structural features of spike protein using several bioinformatics tools.

Incidence of Hepatotoxicity in Iranian Patients With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapies and Its Correlation with Virologic Response to HIV Treatment.

Objective: To investigate hepatotoxicity in Iranian patients with HIV to assess the association between virologic response to HIV treatment and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

Methods: This study was conducted with 200 control patients, 75 patients with HIV naïve to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 443 patients who received ARTs with virologic response (≤1000 copies/mL) or virologic treatment failure (>1000 copies/mL). Serum ALT level and HIV viral load were determined in all patients.

Evaluation of miR-122 Serum Level and IFN-λ3 Genotypes in Patients with Chronic HCV and HCV-Infected Liver Transplant Candidate.

Background: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are the most common markers of liver damage, but serum level interpretation can be complicated. In hepatocytes, microRNA-122 (miR-122) is the most abundant miRs and its high expression in the serum is a characteristic of liver disease.

Objective: We aimed to compare the circulatory level of miR-122 in patients with Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infected Liver Transplant Candidates (LTC) and healthy controls to determine if miR-122 can be considered as an indicator of chronic and advanced stage of liver disease.

Impact of IL28 Genotypes and Modeling the Interactions of HCV Core Protein on Treatment of Hepatitis C.

Background: Mutations in the core CVR region of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and polymorphisms of interleukin 28B (IL28B) are associated with progression toward liver disease and in response to therapy. In addition, interactions of the core protein with some cell interactors can be related to HCV liver damage.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of core mutations as well as IL28B polymorphism on clinical features, sustained virological response (SVR) in 1a and 3a HCV genotypes amongst Iranian HCV infected patients, and the impact of mutations on core protein properties, antigenic properties, and interactions with HCV inhibitors, using several bioinformatics tools.

Bioinformatics Analysis of Domain 1 of HCV-Core Protein: Iran.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious global health problem and a cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bioinformatics software has been an effective tool to study the HCV genome as well as core domains. Our research was based on employing several bioinformatics software applications to find important mutations in domain 1 of core protein in Iranian HCV infected samples from 2006 to 2017, and an investigation of general properties, B-cell and T-cell epitopes, modification sites, and structure of domain 1.

The possible regions to design Human Papilloma Viruses vaccine in Iranian L1 protein.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) genome encodes several proteins, as L1is major capsid protein and L2 is minor capsid protein. Among all HPV types HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the most common high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types globally and the majority of cases are infected with these types. HPV entry and the initial interaction with the host cell are mainly related to the L1 protein which is the main component of HPV vaccines.

Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Among College Students: A Report From Iran.

Globally, high-risk illnesses including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are major health problems causing considerable impact on health systems. Knowledge and awareness are very important factors for controlling these illnesses in society. Regarding the transmission routes of these viruses, young people are at the highest risk of infection.

The Prevalence of Bacteriospermia in Infertile Men and Association with Semen Quality in Southwestern Iran.

Introduction: Infertility considered as a social and public health issue and estimated that most of these infertile couples are residents of developing countries. Infectious diseases including the history of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) may impact on male reproductive function. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contaminants of semen and probable association with sperm quality of infertile men in Iranian population.

Emerge of bla and bla harboring carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from hospitalized patients in southwestern Iran.

Background: One of the most important emerging carbapenem-resistant bacteria is Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). The present study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of K.

High frequency of hopQ genotypes among Iranian Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates.

Different virulence factors are involved in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. H. pylori outer membrane proteins are a family of virulence factors that have diverse members.

SDS-PAGE Analysis of the Outer Membrane Proteins of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients in Different Wards of Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran.

Background: Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) constitute the main structure and about half of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. The OMPs of Escherichia coli (E. coli) play an important role in its drug resistance.

High rate of A2142G point mutation associated with clarithromycin resistance among Iranian Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates.

This study aimed to investigate the clarithromycin resistance and its associated molecular mechanisms among Helicobacter pylori isolates from dyspeptic patients in Shiraz, Iran. From January to May 2014, 100 H. pylori strains were isolated from patients with gastroduodenal disorders.

In Silico Functional and Structural Characterization of H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Hemagglutinin, 2010-2013, Shiraz, Iran.

Hemagglutinin (HA) is a major virulence factor of influenza viruses and plays an important role in viral pathogenesis. Analysis of amino acid changes, epitopes' regions, glycosylation and phosphorylation sites have greatly contributed to the development of new generations of vaccine. The hemagglutinins of 10 selected isolates, 8 of 2010 and 2 of 2013 samples were sequenced and analyzed by several bioinformatic softwares and the results were compared with those of 3 vaccine isolates.

Immunoprotectivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis virulence protein, InvH, against Salmonella typhi.

Objectives: Typhoid fever is a dreadful disease of a major threat to public health in developing countries. Vaccination with bacterial immunodominant components such as surface proteins may prove as a potent alternative to live attenuated vaccines. InvH, an important part of needle complex in type three secretion system (TTSS) plays important role in efficient bacterial adherence and entry into epithelial cells.

Immunogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis virulence protein, InvH, and cross-reactivity of its antisera with Salmonella strains.

Acellular vaccines containing bacterial immunodominant components such as surface proteins may be potent alternatives to live attenuated vaccines in order to reduce salmonellosis risk to human health. invH gene, an important part of needle complex in type three secretion system (TTSS) plays important role in efficient bacterial adherence and entry into epithelial cells. In this work we hypothesize that use of a 15 kDa recombinant InvH as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis surface protein could provoke antibody production in mouse and would help us study feasibility of its potential for diagnosis and/or a recombinant vaccine.