Do circular economy, renewable energy, industrialization, and globalization influence environmental indicators in belt and road initiative countries?

This paper is the first comprehensive research to examine the effect of circular economy on environment employing two environmental degradation indicators (CO emissions, ecological footprint) and one environmental quality indicator (load capacity factor) for 57 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries during 2000-2019. The effect of other variables such as renewable energy, industrialization, and globalization was also controlled. The study applied the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag method (CS-ARDL), the augmented mean group (AMG), and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) methods as a robustness checks.

Does tourism market diversification matter for CO emissions? evidence from Singapore.

This research analyzed the effect of tourism market diversification on Singapore's CO emissions by measuring the level of concentration of source countries in a foreign tourist basket of Singapore using a Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Our results indicated that the index fell over the period 1978-2020, which means the diversification of source countries of Singapore's foreign tourists increased. By applying the recent bootstrap and quantile ARDL models, we found that tourism market diversification and inward FDI act as stumbling blocks to CO emissions.

A new face of food security: A global perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 has impacted the world economy and food system in many aspects. We conducted a comprehensive examination of global food security during the COVID-19 pandemic by considering the food security index and its four key pillars (affordability, availability, quality and safety, and natural resources and resilience) for 102 countries. In addition to the fixed effect panel data estimator, the Method of Moments Quantile regression is useful for disaggregating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to inflation, economic growth, urbanization, and agricultural land on global food security among countries with different levels of food security.

Economic complexity and CO emissions in OECD countries: sector-wise Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.

This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis by estimating the relationship between economic structure and economic complexity with the environmental pollution in OECD countries during 1971-2016. In that respect, this research investigates how various economic sectors affect environmental pollution differently. The results confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, which implies the influential role of economic structure and complexity in socio-economic developmental phases.

Does trade matter for environmental degradation in developing countries? New evidence in the context of export product diversification.

Global warming is a serious problem facing the world today. To minimize it, scholars are trying to find the reasons behind increasing CO emissions. This study examines the effects of overall export product diversification, extensive margin, and intensive margin on CO emissions as indicators of environmental degradation in 84 developing countries for the period of 1971-2014 in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using three estimators, namely, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test, dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS).

Does economic complexity matter for environmental degradation? An empirical analysis for different stages of development.

This study is among the first attempts to examine the effect of economic complexity as an indicator of sophisticated and knowledge-based production structures on CO emissions for 55 countries over the period of 1971-2014. The countries considered fall into three different income groups, namely high income, higher middle income, and lower middle income. The study employs the panel quantile regression methodology and tests the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by including economic complexity and other control variables such as energy consumption, urbanization, and trade openness in its model.

Panel estimation for renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, CO emissions, the composite trade intensity, and financial openness of the commonwealth of independent states.

This article investigates the long-run and causal linkages between economic growth, CO emissions, renewable and non-renewable (fossil fuels) energy consumption, the Composite Trade Intensity (CTI) as a proxy for trade openness, and the Chinn-Ito index as a proxy for financial openness for a panel of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan over the period of 1992-2015. It is the first time that CTI and the Chinn-Ito indexes are used in an economic-pollution model. Employing three panel unit root tests, panel cointegration estimation methods (DOLS and FMOLS), and two panel causality tests, the main empirical results provided evidence for the bidirectional long-run relationship between all the variables in all 12 sampled countries except for economic growth-renewable energy use linkage.

Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: an analysis of environmental Kuznets curve.

This empirical study examines the short- and long-run relationship between GDP as an economic growth indicator and CO emissions as an environmental pollution indicator in Myanmar by using annual time series data over the period of 1970-2014. It also carefully considered other proxies, such as trade openness, financial openness and urbanization, and structural breaks in the country. The fundamental objective of this study is to test the validity of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the context of Myanmar.

The nexus of oil consumption, CO emissions and economic growth in China, Japan and South Korea.

This article attempts to explore the nexus between oil consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions in three East Asian oil importing countries (i.e. China, South Korea and Japan) over the period 1980-2013, by using the Granger causality, Johansen cointegration test, Generalised Impulse Response functions (GIRF) and variance decompositions.

Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint.

The main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment indicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indicator. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988-2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series generalized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries.