Role of hedgehog signaling related non-coding RNAs in developmental and pathological conditions.

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates embryonic development in vertebrates. However, strong evidence suggests the role of its dysregulation in human diseases, especially cancers. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), belong to a group of human transcriptomes that do not translate into proteins.

Mechanisms of cancer stem cells drug resistance and the pivotal role of HMGA2.

Nowadays, the focus of researchers is on perceiving the heterogeneity observed in a tumor. The researchers studied the role of a specific subset of cancer cells with high resistance to traditional treatments, recurrence, and unregulated metastasis. This small population of tumor cells that have stem-cell-like specifications was named Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs).