Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote directional cancer cell migration by aligning fibronectin.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of the carcinoma microenvironment that promote tumor progression. However, the mechanisms by which CAFs regulate cancer cell migration are poorly understood. In this study, we show that fibronectin (Fn) assembled by CAFs mediates CAF-cancer cell association and directional migration.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts modulate growth factor signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling to regulate tumor metastasis.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of the surrounding stroma of carcinomas that emerge in the tumor microenvironment as a result of signals derived from the cancer cells. Biochemical cross-talk between cancer cells and CAFs as well as mechanical remodeling of the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) by CAFs are important contributors to tumor cell migration and invasion, which are critical for cancer progression from a primary tumor to metastatic disease. In this review, we discuss key paracrine signaling pathways between CAFs and cancer cells that promote cancer cell migration and invasion.

Biomechanics of cell reorientation in a three-dimensional matrix under compression.

Although a number of studies have reported that cells cultured on a stretchable substrate align away from or perpendicular to the stretch direction, how cells sense and respond to compression in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix remains an open question. We analyzed the reorientation of human prostatic normal tissue fibroblasts (NAFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in response to 3D compression using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. Results show that NAFs align to specific angles upon compression while CAFs exhibit a random distribution.

Differential expression of ribosomal proteins in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Aberrations of ribosomal biogenesis have been implicated in several congenital bone marrow failure syndromes, such as Diamond-Blackfan anaemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and Dyskeratosis Congenita. Recent studies have identified haploinsufficiency of RPS14 in the acquired bone marrow disease isolated 5q minus syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, the expression of various proteins comprising the ribosomal subunits and other proteins enzymatically involved in the synthesis of the ribosome has not been explored in non-5q minus MDS.

Transfer RNA detection by small RNA deep sequencing and disease association with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Background: Although advances in sequencing technologies have popularized the use of microRNA (miRNA) sequencing (miRNA-seq) for the quantification of miRNA expression, questions remain concerning the optimal methodologies for analysis and utilization of the data. The construction of a miRNA sequencing library selects RNA by length rather than type. However, as we have previously described, miRNAs represent only a subset of the species obtained by size selection.

Dbx1b defines the dorsal habenular progenitor domain in the zebrafish epithalamus.

Background: The conserved habenular nuclei function as a relay system connecting the forebrain with the brain stem. They play crucial roles in various cognitive behaviors by modulating cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic activities. Despite the renewed interest in this conserved forebrain region because of its importance in regulating aversion and reward behaviors, the formation of the habenular nuclei during embryogenesis is poorly understood due to their small size and deep location in the brain, as well as the lack of known markers for habenular progenitors.

Phosphorylation of serine 106 in Asef2 regulates cell migration and adhesion turnover.

Asef2, a 652-amino acid protein, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that regulates cell migration and other processes via activation of Rho family GTPases, including Rac. Binding of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) to Asef2 is known to induce its GEF activity; however, little is currently known about other modes of Asef2 regulation. Here, we investigated the role of phosphorylation in regulating Asef2 activity and function.

Methylation of promoters of microRNAs and their host genes in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of hematopoietic malignancies characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. Recently, we identified MDS-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) that are down-regulated in MDS. This study examines possible explanations for that observed down-regulation of miRNA expression in MDS.

Diagnostic microRNAs in myelodysplastic syndrome.

Objective: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are aging-associated disorders characterized by ineffective maturation of hematopoietic elements, which are often diagnostically challenging. This study identifies microRNAs (miRNA) and miRNA targets that might represent diagnostic markers for MDS.

Materials And Methods: This study utilized a total of 42 MDS samples and 45 controls.

Phenotypic differences in a large family with Kennedy's disease from the Middle Black Sea region of Turkey.

We report the clinical and electrophysiological features of a large Turkish family with genetically confirmed X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). Family members were identified by field work. A detailed history was obtained from each subject, and each subject received a detailed neurological examination.