Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia alters Brain-Derived Contactin-2-Positive Extracellular Vesicles in the Mouse Plasma.

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) impairs white matter development and results in long-term neurodevelopmental deficits. Leveraging prior findings of altered neuronal proteins carried by brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are marked by a neural-specific cell surface glycoprotein Contactin-2 (CNTN2) in NE infants, the present study aimed to determine the correlation between brain and circulating CNTN2-EVs and whether NE alters circulating CNTN2-EV levels in mice. Brain tissue and plasma were collected from postnatal day (P)7, 10, 11, 15 mice to determine the baseline CNTN2 correlation between these two compartments (n = 4-7/time point/sex).

Natural experiments for the evaluation of place-based public health interventions: a methodology scoping review.

Introduction: Place-based public health evaluations are increasingly making use of natural experiments. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the design and use of natural experiment evaluations (NEEs), and an assessment of the plausibility of the randomization assumption.

Methods: A systematic search of three bibliographic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science and Ovid-Medline) was conducted in January 2020 to capture publications that reported a natural experiment of a place-based public health intervention or outcome.

Comparison of performance data between emergency medicine 1-3 and 1-4 program formats.

Objective: This study compares performance data from physicians completing 3-year versus 4-year emergency medicine residency training programs. Currently, there are 2 training formats and little is known about objective performance differences.

Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of emergency residents and physicians.

Four- and three-year emergency medicine residency graduates perform similarly in their first year of practice compared to experienced physicians.

Introduction: United States emergency medicine (EM) post-graduate training programs vary in training length, either 4 or 3 years. However, it is unknown if clinical care by graduates from the two curricula differs in the early post-residency period.

Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study comparing measures of clinical care and practice patterns between new graduates from 4- and 3-year EM programs with experienced new physician hires as a reference group.

Workplace Mistreatment, Career Choice Regret, and Burnout in Emergency Medicine Residency Training in the United States.

Study Objective: The influence of workplace mistreatment on the well-being and career satisfaction of emergency medicine residents is unknown. This study examined the relationships between burnout, career choice regret, and workplace mistreatment in a national sample of emergency medicine residents.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a survey study on the prevalence of workplace mistreatment among emergency residents.

Influence of advanced wound matrices on observed vacuum pressure during simulated negative pressure wound therapy.

Biomaterials and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) are treatment modalities regularly used together to accelerate soft-tissue regeneration. This study evaluated the impact of the design and composition of commercially available collagen-based matrices on the observed vacuum pressure delivered under NPWT using a custom test apparatus. Specifically, testing compared the effect of the commercial products; ovine forestomach matrix (OFM), collagen/oxidized regenerated cellulose (collagen/ORC) and a collagen-based dressing (CWD) on the observed vacuum pressure.

Emergency Medicine Residency Does Not Reduce a Racial Minority-Based Test Performance Gap.

Background: Health care inequity is corrected more readily when safe, high-quality care is provided by physicians who reflect the gender, race, and ethnicity of patient communities. It is important to train and evaluate racially diverse physicians involved in residency training.

Objective: This study sought to determine any test-taking differences for black Emergency Medicine (EM) residents and whether any such differences would narrow as residency progressed.

American Board of Emergency Medicine Report on Residency and Fellowship Training Information (2021-2022).

The American Board of Emergency Medicine gathers extensive background information on the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education-accredited emergency medicine residency and fellowship programs, as well as the residents and fellows training in those programs. We present the 2022 annual report on the status of physicians training in Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education-accredited emergency medicine training programs in the United States.

Developmental Iron Deficiency Dysregulates TET Activity and DNA Hydroxymethylation in the Rat Hippocampus and Cerebellum.

Iron deficiency (ID) during neurodevelopment is associated with lasting cognitive and socioemotional deficits and increased risk for neuropsychiatric disease throughout the lifespan. These neurophenotypical changes are underlain by gene dysregulation in the brain that outlasts the period of ID; however, the mechanisms by which ID establishes and maintains gene expression changes are incompletely understood. The epigenetic modification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), or DNA hydroxymethylation, is one candidate mechanism because of its dependence on iron-containing TET enzymes.

The Emergency Medicine Milestones 2.0: Setting the stage for 2025 and beyond.

Introduction: Beginning in 1999, residents in emergency medicine have been expected to demonstrate competence in the six Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Core Competencies. Expectations were further refined and clarified through the introduction of the Milestones in 2013. Emerging research and data from milestone reporting has illustrated the need for modification of the original milestones.

Economic evaluations in paediatric dentistry clinical trials.

Economic evaluations play an important role in identifying the cost-effectiveness of alternative healthcare programmes, informing decisions surrounding funding and the allocation of resources. This paper outlines the basic principles of economic evaluation and how it can be conducted alongside a clinical trial. Furthermore, it considers the ways in which evidence from these studies can be used, and the challenges researchers are faced with when conducting economic evaluations in the field of children's oral health.

Iron Deficiency Reprograms Phosphorylation Signaling and Reduces O-GlcNAc Pathways in Neuronal Cells.

Micronutrient sensing is critical for cellular growth and differentiation. Deficiencies in essential nutrients such as iron strongly affect neuronal cell development and may lead to defects in neuronal function that cannot be remedied by subsequent iron supplementation. To understand the adaptive intracellular responses to iron deficiency in neuronal cells, we developed and utilized a Stable Isotopic Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative phosphoproteomics workflow.

The nAChR Chaperone TMEM35a (NACHO) Contributes to the Development of Hyperalgesia in Mice.

Pain is a major health problem, affecting over fifty million adults in the US alone, with significant economic cost in medical care and lost productivity. Despite evidence implicating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in pathological pain, their specific contribution to pain processing in the spinal cord remains unclear given their presence in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Here we investigated if loss of neuronal-specific TMEM35a (NACHO), a novel chaperone for functional expression of the homomeric α7 and assembly of the heteromeric α3, α4, and α6-containing nAChRs, modulates pain in mice.

Forecasting future dental health expenditures: Development of a framework using data from 32 OECD countries.

Objective: To (1) develop a framework for forecasting future dental expenditures, using currently available information, and (2) identify relevant research and data gaps such that dental expenditure predictions can continuously be improved in the future.

Methods: Our analyses focused on 32 OECD countries. Dependent on the number of predictors, we employed dynamic univariate and multivariate modelling approaches with various model specifications.

American Board of Emergency Medicine Report on Residency and Fellowship Training Information (2019-2020).

The American Board of Emergency Medicine gathers extensive background information on Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited emergency medicine residency and fellowship programs, as well as the residents and fellows training in those programs. We present the 2020 annual report on the status of physicians training in ACGME-accredited emergency medicine training programs in the United States.

Costs and Benefits of Initial Certification for Emergency Medicine Residency Graduates.

Background: Graduates of emergency medicine residency programs can seek certification from the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM), yet the costs and perceived value by residents is not clear.

Objective: This report sought to better define the value of board certification by asking physicians taking the ABEM Oral Certification Examination (OCE) to describe its costs (eg, time, money) and perceived benefits.

Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to physicians taking the 2018 spring and fall ABEM OCEs.

Perinatal Ischemia Alters Global Expression of Synaptosomal Proteins Critical for Neural Plasticity in the Developing Mouse Brain.

Ischemic perinatal stroke (IPS) affects 1 in 2,300-5,000 live births. Despite a survival rate >95%, approximately 60% of IPS infants develop motor and cognitive impairments. Given the importance of axonal growth and synaptic plasticity in neurocognitive development, our objective was to identify the molecular pathways underlying IPS-associated synaptic dysfunction using a mouse model.

A National Study of Longitudinal Consistency in ACGME Milestone Ratings by Clinical Competency Committees: Exploring an Aspect of Validity in the Assessment of Residents' Competence.

Purpose: To investigate whether clinical competency committees (CCCs) were consistent in applying milestone ratings for first-year residents over time or whether ratings increased or decreased.

Method: Beginning in December 2013, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) initiated a phased-in requirement for reporting milestones; emergency medicine (EM), diagnostic radiology (DR), and urology (UR) were among the earliest reporting specialties. The authors analyzed CCC milestone ratings of first-year residents from 2013 to 2016 from all ACGME-accredited EM, DR, and UR programs for which they had data.

American Board of Emergency Medicine Report on Residency and Fellowship Training Information (2018-2019).

The American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) gathers extensive background information on emergency medicine-sponsored residency and fellowship programs, residents and fellows training in those programs, and all fellows for whom ABEM issues subspecialty certifications. We present the 2019 annual report on the status of US emergency medicine training programs.

Integration of Entrustable Professional Activities with the Milestones for Emergency Medicine Residents.

Introduction: Medical education is moving toward a competency-based framework with a focus on assessment using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones. Assessment of individual competencies through milestones can be challenging. While competencies describe characteristics of the person, the entrustable professional activities (EPAs) concept refers to work-related activities.