Evaluating the home-based intervention strategy (HIS-UK) to reduce new chlamydia infection among young men aged 16-25 years by promoting correct and consistent condom use: findings from a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Correct and consistent condom use is the most effective method to reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Objective: To compare the HIS-UK intervention to usual condom information and distribution care for effect on chlamydia test positivity.

Methods: Trial design A 3-parallel arm randomised controlled trial (1:1:1 allocation, two intervention arms vs.

Iron-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylation of Aryl Chlorides and Triflates.

Simple aryl chlorides represent challenging substrates in iron-catalyzed borylation. A combination of Li[B(Bu)pin-Bpin] as the borylating reagent and a catalyst formed in situ from iron(II) triflate and the commercially available N-heterocyclic carbene ligand, IMes, gives significantly improved activity and a much broader scope than previously reported iron-based catalysts. Iron triflate is also a good precatalyst for the borylation of aryl triflates─a previously unreported transformation─and in these cases the IMes ligand is not required.

Longitudinal associations between autistic children's anxiety and social communication differences: The moderating role of executive function behaviours.

Anxiety is a mental health concern affecting many autistic children, and has been linked to greater differences in social communication and interaction style. Executive functioning (i.e.

Evaluating the Home-Based Intervention Study (HIS-UK) to Improve Condom Use Skills and Experience: A Qualitative Study.

Objectives: We explored participants' experiences in a randomized controlled trial that evaluated the Home-Based Intervention Strategy (HIS-UK) to improve male condom use skills/experiences.

Methods: 25 men (18-25 years) who had reached the first 6 months of the intervention were interviewed. We used a codebook approach to thematic analysis to analyze the data.

Early-Onset Trajectories of Emotional Dysregulation in Autistic Children.

Objective: Emotional dysregulation (ED) is a common and debilitating problem for autistic children and their families. However, little is known about early-onset patterns of dysregulation, associated risk factors, and child and family outcomes. This study aimed to characterize trajectories of ED in an inception cohort of autistic preschoolers.

Toddler Screen Use Before Bed and Its Effect on Sleep and Attention: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Toddler screen time has been associated with poorer sleep and differences in attention. Understanding the causal impact of screen time on early development is of the highest importance.

Objective: To test (1) the feasibility of the 7-week parent-administered screen time intervention (PASTI) in toddlers (aged 16-30 months) who have screen time in the hour before bed and (2) the impact of PASTI on toddlers' sleep and attention.

Parent-mediated intervention in infants with an elevated likelihood for autism reduces dwell time during a gaze-following task.

Cognitive markers may in theory be more sensitive to the effects of intervention than overt behavioral measures. The current study tests the impact of the Intervention with the British Autism Study of Infant Siblings-Video Interaction for Promoting Positive Parenting (iBASIS-VIPP) on an eye-tracking measure of social attention: dwell time to the referred object in a gaze following task. The original two-site, two-arm, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) of this intervention to increase parental awareness, and responsiveness to their infant, was run with infants who have an elevated familial likelihood for autism (EL).

An Examination of the Relations Between Effortful Control in Early Childhood and Risk for Later Externalizing Psychopathology: A Bi-factor Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Deficits in effortful control (EC) contribute to patterns of maladaptation across development; however, little is known about how specific subfactors of EC differentially predict children's externalizing psychopathology. Using a longitudinal sample of 206 children (47.8% female, 42.

In-cell Catalysis by Tethered Organo-Osmium Complexes Generates Selectivity for Breast Cancer Cells.

Anticancer agents that exhibit catalytic mechanisms of action offer a unique multi-targeting strategy to overcome drug resistance. Nonetheless, many in-cell catalysts in development are hindered by deactivation by endogenous nucleophiles. We have synthesised a highly potent, stable Os-based 16-electron half-sandwich ('piano stool') catalyst by introducing a permanent covalent tether between the arene and chelated diamine ligand.

No association between alexithymia and emotion recognition or theory of mind in a sample of adolescents enhanced for autistic traits.

Alexithymia is a sub-clinical condition characterised by difficulties identifying and describing one's own emotions, which is found in many, but not all autistic people. The alexithymia hypothesis suggests that certain aspects of socio-cognitive functioning typically attributed to autism, namely difficulties in emotion recognition, might be better explained by often co-occurring alexithymia. It is important to understand what is specific to autism and what is due to other co-occurring characteristics to develop appropriate support for autistic people.

Testing the social motivation theory of autism: the role of co-occurring anxiety.

Background: The Social Motivation Theory proposes that social reward processing differences underlie autism. However, low social motivation has also been linked to higher anxiety. Given the co-occurrence between autism and anxiety, it is possible that anxiety drives the association between social motivation and autistic characteristics.

Social threat processing in adults and children: Faster orienting to, but shorter dwell time on, angry faces during visual search.

Attention to emotional signals conveyed by others is critical for gleaning information about potential social partners and the larger social context. Children appear to detect social threats (e.g.

High-Temperature Intrinsic Defect Chemistry of LiPbO Ceramic Breeding Material.

Understanding the intrinsic defect chemistry of tritium breeder materials proposed for use in future fusion reactors is imperative, as certain defects may act as traps leading to retention of tritium in the ceramic matrix. In this paper, we use combined density functional theory simulations with simple thermodynamics to explore the intrinsic defect chemistry of octalithium plumbate (LiPbO) as a function of both temperature and oxygen partial pressure. Importantly, we consider vibrational contributions to the energies of the reference states used in the calculations of the defect formation energies.

A multi-organ, lung-derived inflammatory response following in vitro airway exposure to cigarette smoke and next-generation nicotine delivery products.

Despite increasing use of in vitro models that closely resemble in vivo human biology, their application in understanding downstream effects of airway toxicity, such as inflammation, are at an early stage. In this study, we used various assays to examine the inflammatory response induced in MucilAir™ tissues and A549 cells exposed to three products known to induce toxicity. Reduced barrier integrity was observed in tissues following exposure to each product, with reduced viability and increased cytotoxicity also shown.

A longitudinal comparison of emotional, behavioral and attention problems in autistic and typically developing children.

Background: Mental health problems are elevated in autistic individuals but there is limited evidence on the developmental course of problems across childhood. We compare the level and growth of anxious-depressed, behavioral and attention problems in an autistic and typically developing (TD) cohort.

Methods: Latent growth curve models were applied to repeated parent-report Child Behavior Checklist data from age 2-10 years in an inception cohort of autistic children (Pathways, = 397; 84% boys) and a general population TD cohort (Wirral Child Health and Development Study; WCHADS; = 884, 49% boys).

Understanding the prevalence and manifestation of anxiety and other socio-emotional and behavioural difficulties in children with Developmental Language Disorder.

Background: It is well-documented that children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety, as well as other socio-emotional and behavioural (SEB) difficulties. Despite this, there is little consensus as to how these difficulties manifest. This study aims to understand the prevalence of broader SEB difficulties and anxiety, informing intervention development by understanding the relationships between them.

The subcortical correlates of autistic traits in school-age children: a population-based neuroimaging study.

Background: There is emerging evidence that the neuroanatomy of autism forms a spectrum which extends into the general population. However, whilst several studies have identified cortical morphology correlates of autistic traits, it is not established whether morphological differences are present in the subcortical structures of the brain. Additionally, it is not clear to what extent previously reported structural associations may be confounded by co-occurring psychopathology.

Longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression symptoms in autistic children are mediated by peer relationships but not educational engagement.

In the general population, irritability is associated with later depression. Despite irritability being more prevalent in autistic children, the long-term sequelae are not well explored. We tested whether irritability in early childhood predicted depression symptoms in autistic adolescents, and whether associations could be explained by difficulties in peer relationships and lower educational engagement.

Associations between emotion recognition and autistic and callous-unemotional traits: differential effects of cueing to the eyes.

Background: Although autism and callous-unemotional (CU) traits are distinct conditions, both are associated with difficulties in emotion recognition. However, it is unknown whether the emotion recognition difficulties characteristic of autism and CU traits are driven by comparable underpinning mechanisms.

Methods: We tested whether cueing to the eyes improved emotion recognition in relation to autistic and CU traits in a heterogeneous sample of children enhanced for social, emotional and behavioural difficulties.

Exposure to family stressful life events in autistic children: Longitudinal associations with mental health and the moderating role of cognitive flexibility.

Experiencing stressful life events, such as a parent having had serious illness, parental divorce, bullying and victimization, is known to increase risk for mental health difficulties in neurotypical children. However, few studies have looked at whether stressful life events have a similar impact in autistic youth and if any individual characteristics may moderate the impact of said life events. In this study, we tested whether in autistic children aged 7-11 years, exposure to family-level stressful life events predicted later mental health symptoms (and vice versa).

Neuronal gating of tactile input and sleep in 10-month-old infants at typical and elevated likelihood for autism spectrum disorder.

Sleep problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) emerge early in development, yet the origin remains unclear. Here, we characterise developmental trajectories in sleep onset latency (SOL) and night awakenings in infants at elevated likelihood (EL) for ASD (who have an older sibling with ASD) and infants at typical likelihood (TL) for ASD. Further, we test whether the ability to gate tactile input, using an EEG tactile suppression index (TSI), associates with variation in SOL and night awakenings.

Inhibitory control and problem solving in early childhood: Exploring the burdens and benefits of high self-control.

Low inhibitory control (IC) is sometimes associated with enhanced problem-solving amongst adults, yet for young children high IC is primarily framed as inherently better than low IC. Here, we explore associations between IC and performance on a novel problem-solving task, amongst 102 English 2- and 3-year-olds (Study 1) and 84 Swedish children, seen at 18-months and 4-years (Study 2). Generativity during problem-solving was negatively associated with IC, as measured by prohibition-compliance (Study 1, both ages, Study 2 longitudinally from 18-months).