Synthesising 30 years of clinical experience and scientific insight on affective temperaments in psychiatric disorders: State of the art.

The concept of affective temperament has been extensively discussed throughout the history of psychopathology and represents a cornerstone in the study of mood disorders. This review aims to trace the evolution of the concept of affective temperaments (ATs) from Kraepelin's seminal work to the present day. In the 1980s, Akiskal redefined Kraepelin's concept of affective temperaments (ATs) by integrating the five recognized ATs into the broader framework of the soft bipolar spectrum.

Pain sensitivity is modulated by affective temperament: Results from the population-based CHRIS Affective Disorder (CHRIS-AD) study.

Background: Nociceptive pain modulation is related to psychological and psychiatric conditions. Evidence from clinical studies backs innate temperaments as potential precursors of mood symptoms and disorders, and pain sensitivity. Our study examines the modulation effect of affective temperaments on pain sensitivity in a general population adult sample, accounting for possible intervening mood symptoms, lifetime anxiety and depression, and pain treatments.

Metacognitions and repetitive negative thinking in bipolar disorder and healthy controls: A comparative study.

Background: Metacognitive deficits and repetitive negative thinking are poorly explored in bipolar disorder (BD). The majority of the published studies concerned patients with bipolar depression, without differentiating among BD subtypes. The most common dysfunctional metacognitions, measured with the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), were Negative Beliefs about the Uncontrollability and Danger of Worry (NB), Cognitive Confidence (CC) and Beliefs about the Need to Control Thoughts (NC).

Use of Stimulants in Bipolar Disorder.

Several international guidelines indicate stimulants, including methylphenidate (MPH), amphetamines and derivatives, modafinil, and armodafinil among the second-third-line choices for bipolar depression. Efficacy of stimulants has been also reported for the management of residual depressive symptoms such as fatigue and sleepiness and for the management of affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms in children and adult bipolar patients with comorbid ADHD. Few case reports show positive results with MPH in the treatment of resistant mania.

Factor structure and reliability of the Italian adaptation of the Hypomania Check List-32, second revision (HCL-32-R2).

Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the Hypomania-Check-List 32-item, second revision (HCL-32-R2) for the detection of bipolarity in major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment-seeking outpatients.

Methods: A back-to-back Italian adaption of the "Bipolar Disorders: Improving Diagnosis, Guidance, and Education" English module of the HCL-32-R2 was administered between March 2013 and October 2014 across twelve collaborating sites in Italy. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fourth edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses were made adopting the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, using bipolar disorder (BD) patients as controls.

Theories to support method development in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography--a review.

On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography techniques promise to resolve samples that current one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods cannot adequately deal with. To make full use of the potential of two-dimensional liquid chromatography, optimization is required. Optimization of two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a relatively new yet important research topic the aim of which is to predict combinations of stationary and mobile phases, column formats, and chromatographic conditions that maximize resolving power and minimize analysis time.

Alternative sample-introduction technique to avoid breakthrough in gradient-elution liquid chromatography of polymers.

Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (GELC) is a powerful tool for the characterization of synthetic polymers. However, gradient-elution chromatograms often suffer from breakthrough phenomena. Breakthrough can be averted by using a sample solvent as weak as the mobile phase.

Optimal gradient operation in comprehensive liquid chromatography x liquid chromatography systems with limited orthogonality.

A novel strategy is described for designing optimal second dimension (2D) gradient conditions for a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography system where the two dimensions are not fully orthogonal. Using the approach developed here, the initial and final organic modifier content values resulting in the highest coverage of separation space can be derived for each 2D gradient run. Theory indicates that these values can be determined by adapting 2D gradient operation to the degree of orthogonality.

Binding of dipeptides and amino acids to Teicoplanin chiral stationary phase: apparent homogeneity of some heterogeneous systems.

The binding between Teicoplanin glycopeptide antibiotic and some dipeptides and amino acids has been studied by nonlinear liquid chromatography. A Teicoplanin-based chiral stationary phase, specifically designed to achieve maximum selectivity and loading by reducing non-specific interactions, has been prepared and packed into a microbore column. The adsorption isotherms of the enantiomers of proline, alanine, and alanine-alanine (Ala-Ala) have been measured through frontal analysis.

A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatography x liquid chromatography.

A novel approach for the selection of the operational parameters (linear velocity, column length) for a comprehensive 2D-LC system is discussed. Starting point for the calculations is a given second dimension ((2)D) separation and a desired peak capacity for the 2D system. Using the theory developed here the optimum settings for the first dimension ((1)D) column can be derived.

Programmed field decay thermal field flow fractionation of polymers: a calibration method.

The universal calibration procedure typical of thermal field flow fractionation (ThFFF) under constant thermal field operation was extended to thermal field programming (TFP) operation. The method requires knowledge of the following: (a) the programming function, which only depends on the thermal field decay function, (b) the physicochemical properties of the solvent, and (c) the calibration plot under varying channel cold wall temperatures (T(c)). Two field flow fractionation field programming conditions, with either a constant or a variable in time carrier flow velocity, are exploited.