Efficiency of the Carden "Ventmasta" in A and D modes during controlled ventilation in children.

We have determined the efficiencies of the enclosed Mapleson A and Mapleson D modes of the Carden "Ventmasta" ventilator during controlled ventilation in 19 anaesthetized children. In addition, we determined the suitability for the A mode of the fresh gas formula, VF = 0.6 x weight0.

The use of pharmacokinetics as an interpretive and predictive tool in chemical toxicology testing and risk assessment: a position paper on the appropriate use of pharmacokinetics in chemical toxicology.

It has been recognized for several decades in the pharmaceutical industry that the safety evaluation of pharmacological agents must include pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, which are designed to determine the rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). In recent years the importance of such ADME studies in toxicology has also become increasingly apparent to the chemical industry. This increased focus has led to testing strategies that can produce ADME/PK data with greater applicability to toxicity testing and risk assessment.

Recovery after oral surgery with halothane, enflurane, isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia.

We have compared the recovery characteristics of four different techniques for maintenance of anaesthesia in 99 day-case patients admitted for oral surgery. All patients received propofol for induction of anaesthesia followed by halothane, enflurane, isoflurane or propofol infusion for maintenance of anaesthesia. Each patient was subjected to a battery of psychometric tests which included Spielberger state, trait, mood stress and mood arousal questionnaires, Maddox-Wing test and five-choice serial reaction time.

Determination of the onset of rebreathing in an enclosed afferent reservoir breathing system in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing adults: a comparison of three methods.

We used three methods to determine the onset of rebreathing in the Ohmeda enclosed afferent reservoir breathing system and compared the results with the previously published rebreathing characteristics of this system. Of the methods studied, expiratory limb capnography proved unsuitable for determining the onset of rebreathing in this system. Inspiratory limb capnography and minimum inspired carbon dioxide at the mouth did enable the onset of rebreathing to be determined.

The immunogenetics of bone marrow transplantation.

It is now clear that it is not necessary to use an HLA genotypically identical donor to have a successful marrow transplant. However, it is equally clear that the likelihood of complications increases with each increment in histoincompatibility. The implication is that histocompatibility testing must be of the highest possible precision to choose the optimal donor, and to predict the risk of adverse alloreactivity.

Comparison of morbidity and mortality after marrow transplantation from HLA-genotypically identical siblings and HLA-phenotypically identical unrelated donors.

The nature and incidence of life-threatening or fatal toxicity after marrow transplantation were analyzed in 52 patients who received HLA-A, B, DR, Dw-phenotypically identical marrow transplants from unrelated volunteer donors (URD). An age and disease-matched cohort of 104 patients transplanted from HLA-genotypically identical siblings was used as a comparative group. The actuarial probability of grade 3 or 4 regimen-related toxicity was 31% after URD transplants and 21% after matched sibling transplants (log-rank p = 0.

Marrow transplantation using volunteer unrelated donors in a comparison of mismatched family donor transplants: a Seattle perspective.

Although allogeneic marrow transplantation has evolved into the treatment of choice for many otherwise fatal diseases, most patients are not candidates as they do not have an HLA-matched sibling donor. The Seattle Marrow Transplant Team, among others, has shown that patients who receive grafts from relatives who are partially matched for HLA (5 of 6 HLA-A,-B,-DR antigens) have an increased risk of graft-versus-host disease, but an overall survival that is comparable to that of similar patients receiving grafts from HLA-matched siblings. Similarly, patients receiving grafts from HLA-matched unrelated donors are at high risk for GVHD, but can look forward to favorable outcomes nearly as frequently as those who receive grafts from matched relatives.

Evaluation of the relationship between PAH content and mutagenic activity of fumes from roofing and paving asphalts and coal tar pitch.

Fume condensates from asphalt and coal tar pitch were evaluated to determine if polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition, crude oil source, or temperature at which the fume was generated correlated with mutagenic activity. The fume condensates were tested for mutagenic activity using a modified Ames Test. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and other PAHs were detected in all samples.

A neurotoxicity assessment of high flash aromatic naphtha.

Catalytic reforming is a refining process that converts naphthenes to aromatics by dehydrogenation to make higher octane gasoline blending components. A portion of this wide-boiling range hydrocarbon stream can be separated by distillation and used for other purposes. One such application is a mixture of predominantly 9-carbon aromatic molecules (C9 Aromatics, primarily isomers of ethyltoluene and trimethylbenzene), which is removed and used as a solvent also known as High Flash Aromatic Naphtha (HFAN).

Measurement of breath-by-breath gas exchange during general anaesthesia.

We describe a single flow transducer breath-by-breath gas exchange measurement system suitable for use during general anaesthesia. The system uses a Fleisch No. 2 pneumotachograph, a mass spectrometer and a microcomputer to give real-time continuous measurements.

Increasing participation of blood donors in a bone-marrow registry.

In an experiment to increase recruitment of unrelated bone-marrow donors, Ss were selected from a list of people who had donated blood within the past 24 months. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Members of the experimental group, 2 months before receiving a mailed brochure about a bone-marrow registry, were complimented on being blood donors and asked to complete a self-descriptive questionnaire.

Fresh gas requirements of an enclosed afferent reservoir breathing system in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing adults.

Using two methods of determining the onset of rebreathing, we have determined the minimum fresh gas flow rate (VF) of the Ohmeda enclosed afferent reservoir breathing system (EAR) in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing adults. Rebreathing as defined by the Kain and Nunn criteria did not occur when the VF/VE ratio was greater than 0.70.

Analysis of 462 transplantations from unrelated donors facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program.

Background And Methods: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is curative in a substantial number of patients with hematologic cancers, marrow-failure disorders, immunodeficiency syndromes, and certain metabolic diseases. Unfortunately, only 25 to 30 percent of potential recipients have HLA-identical siblings who can act as donors. In 1986 the National Marrow Donor Program was created in the United States to facilitate the finding and procurement of suitable marrow from unrelated donors for patients lacking related donors.

Unrelated donor marrow transplantation therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia: initial experience of the National Marrow Donor Program.

In the interval from December 1987 to November 1990, 196 consecutive patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) received unrelated donor marrow transplantation using marrow procured by the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) at 21 NMDP-affiliated marrow transplant centers. Baseline donor and recipient data as well as follow-up data were obtained systematically in all cases by the NMDP. The median interval from the initiation of a search for an unrelated donor to bone marrow transplantation was 8.

A phase I trial of protracted 5-fluorouracil infusion and oral calcium leucovorin.

This phase I study of 36 patients was performed to identify the maximal tolerated dose of oral calcium leucovorin (CLV) that could be concomitantly administered with protracted 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion (greater than 30 days). Administration of CLV in very small doses (5 mg p.o.