Clinical training within an Indigenous community: a qualitative description of pediatric residents' learning experiences.

Objectives: Indigenous children and families experience inequities across health domains. Calls to action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada and the Indigenous Physicians Association of Canada have highlighted the need for medical professionals to better understand these inequities and improve the provision of culturally safe services through collaboration between Indigenous communities and medical residency programs. There are currently no published evaluations of clinical training for Canadian medical residents within Indigenous communities.

Primary Substance Use Prevention Programs for Children and Youth: A Systematic Review.

Context: An updated synthesis of research on substance abuse prevention programs can promote enhanced uptake of programs with proven effectiveness, particularly when paired with information relevant to practitioners and policy makers.

Objective: To assess the strength of the scientific evidence for psychoactive substance abuse prevention programs for school-aged children and youth.

Data Sources: A systematic review was conducted of studies published up until March 31, 2020.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction for mental health in youth: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Background: Mental illness is among the most common causes of morbidity, mortality, and disability in childhood. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has shown significant benefit in mental health; however, evidence of its effectiveness in youth is limited. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of MBSR plus usual care versus usual care alone for reducing mental health symptoms in youth.

Integrating preventive dental care into general Paediatric practice for Indigenous communities: paediatric residents' perceptions.

This qualitative study aimed to explore paediatric residents' perceptions of the feasibility of incorporating preventive dental care into a general paediatric outreach clinic for a First Nations community. Four focus groups were conducted with paediatric residents and attending paediatricians. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a basic interpretive qualitative approach.

Promoting the strengths and resilience of an Indigenous community through photovoice.

In the face of negative media attention, community members and Elders from the First Nation community of Maskwacis identified the importance of promoting community strengths and reframing perceptions of their community. Two research questions were addressed: (1) How do youth in Maskwacis view their community strengths? and (2) To what extent can photographs be used as a tool for reframing perceptions of an Indigenous community? A community-based participatory research approach was used for the current photovoice project, through which two Elders and eleven youth were engaged. Indigenous photographers trained youth participants, and Elders mentored youth to capture photographs that represented their community's strengths and resilience.

Complementary and alternative medicine: a survey of its use in pediatric cardiology.

Background: The use of complementary and alternative medicine is high among children and youth with chronic illnesses, including patients with cardiac conditions. Our goal was to assess the prevalence and patterns of such use among patients presenting to academic pediatric cardiology clinics in Canada.

Methods: A survey instrument was developed to inquire about current or previous use of complementary and alternative medicine products and practices, including indications, beliefs, sources of information and whether this use was discussed with physicians.

Partnership, knowledge translation, and substance abuse prevention with a First Nations community.

Background: Having identified substance abuse as an issue of concern in their community, the Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation invited University of Alberta researchers to partner on the cultural adaptation, delivery, and evaluation of a school-based drug and alcohol abuse prevention program. Researchers conducted a literature review of available drug and alcohol prevention programs for children and youth, identifying the Life Skills Training (LST) program as a viable model for cultural adaptation.

Objectives: Four program objectives were developed: (1) Review and cultural adaptation of the elementary and junior high LST programs, (2) delivery of the adapted programs, (3) measurement of changes in students' knowledge of the negative effects of drug and alcohol use, attitudes toward drugs and alcohol, drug and alcohol refusal and life skills, and changes in self-esteem/self-concept, and (4) documentation of the community's experience of the project.

Patterns of utilization of complementary and alternative medicine in 2 pediatric gastroenterology clinics.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among pediatric patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders at academic clinics in Canada.

Methods: The survey was carried out at 2 hospital-based gastroenterology clinics: the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) in Ottawa.

Results: CAM use at the Stollery was 83% compared with 36% at CHEO (P < 0.

CAM use in pediatric neurology: an exploration of concurrent use with conventional medicine.

Background: Previous studies have found that up to 60% of children with neurologic conditions have tried complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

Objective: To assess the use of CAM among patients presenting to neurology clinics at two academic centers in Canada.

Methods: A survey instrument was developed to inquire about use of CAM products and therapies, including reasons for use, perceived helpfulness, and concurrent use with conventional medicine, and administered to patients or their parents/guardians at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) in Ottawa.

Complementary and alternative medicine: A survey of its use in children with chronic respiratory illness.

Background: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased in recent years, with especially high prevalence in individuals with chronic illnesses. In the United States, the prevalence of CAM use in pediatric asthma patients is as high as 89%.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiology of pediatric CAM use in respiratory subspecialty clinics.

Health research involving First Nations, Inuit and Métis children and their communities.

Canadian and international guidelines address the ethical conduct of health research in general and the issues affecting Indigenous populations in particular. This statement summarizes, for clinicians and researchers, relevant ethical and practical considerations for health research involving Aboriginal children and youth. While not intended to duplicate findings arising from lengthy collaborative processes, it does highlight 'wise practices' that have successfully generated knowledge relevant to, respectful of and useful for Aboriginal children, youth and their communities.

Complementary and alternative medicine: a survey of its use in pediatric oncology.

Background. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is high among children and youths with chronic illnesses, including cancer. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence and patterns of CAM use among pediatric oncology outpatients in two academic clinics in Canada.

"Making a place of respect": lessons learned in carrying out consent protocol with First Nations elders.

Background: This article explores the issue of informed consent by First Nations Elders modifying and implementing a substance abuse prevention program for youth, Nimi Icinohabi, among the Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation. The Elders who approved and guided the research maintained that informed consent procedures carried out by the Western academic institutions were redundant given adherence to their own culturally based protocol.

Objectives: The objective of this article is to present lessons learned regarding the cultural basis of consent involving First Nations Elders to improve our own and other researchers' ethical practice in this context.

Complementary and alternative medicine use by pediatric specialty outpatients.

Objective: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is high among children and youth with chronic illnesses. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and patterns of CAM use in 10 subspecialty clinics in Canada and to compare CAM use between 2 geographically diverse locations.

Methods: This survey was carried out at 1 Children's Hospital in western Canada (Edmonton) and 1 Children's Hospital in central Canada (Ottawa).

Inhalant abuse.

Inhalant abuse - also known as volatile substance abuse, solvent abuse, sniffing, huffing and bagging - is the deliberate inhalation of a volatile substance to achieve an altered mental state. Inhalant abuse is a worldwide problem that is especially common in individuals from minority and marginalized populations, and is strongly correlated with the social determinants of health. It often affects younger children, compared with other forms of substance abuse, and crosses social and ethnic boundaries.

Long-term desmopressin response in primary nocturnal enuresis: open-label, multinational study.

Background: Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is a distressing condition, particularly in severe cases (> or = 3 wet nights/week). A prevalent pathophysiological mechanism, especially in monosymptomatic PNE (PMNE), is commonly believed to be an insufficient increase in night-time release of antidiuretic hormone. Desmopressin, a synthetic analogue of antidiuretic hormone, has been shown to reduce the number of wet nights experienced by PMNE patients in several controlled trials.

A culturally adapted drug and alcohol abuse prevention program for aboriginal children and youth.

Background: In response to substance abuse within their community, the Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation invited the University of Alberta (UofA) to partner in a collaborative effort to establish a school-based substance abuse prevention program.

Objectives: An evidence-based substance abuse prevention program was reviewed and adapted by the community to ensure that it incorporated their cultural beliefs, values, language, and visual images. The adapted program was delivered to students at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation School and changes in student participants' knowledge, attitudes, refusal skills, and self-beliefs were measured.

Safety and tolerability of North American ginseng extract in the treatment of pediatric upper respiratory tract infection: a phase II randomized, controlled trial of 2 dosing schedules.

Background: Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common childhood illness. Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng root extract) standardized to contain 80% poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides is purported to be effective in adult upper respiratory tract infection but has not been evaluated yet in a pediatric population.

Objectives: Our primary objective was to document the safety and tolerability of 2 weight-based dosing schedules (standard dose versus low dose versus placebo) in children.

ADHD characteristics in Canadian Aboriginal children.

Objective: The authors examine how many Aboriginal children attending two reservation-based elementary schools in Northern Alberta, Canada, would demonstrate symptoms associated with ADHD using standardized parent and teacher questionnaires.

Method: Seventy-five Aboriginal children in Grades 1 through 4 are tested. Seventeen of the 75 (22.

The efficacy of neurofeedback in the management of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural disorder characterized by an inappropriate level of inattention with or without impulsivity or overactivity. The estimated prevalence of ADHD is 7% to 10% in boys and 3% in girls aged four to 11 years. The higher prevalence in boys is believed to be the result of a referral bias because boys with ADHD are more disruptive and aggressive, and, therefore, more likely to be referred to specialty clinics.

Combined 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase deficiencies: evidence for synthesis of a defective cytochrome P450c17.

We studied in vivo and in vitro steroidogenesis in six phenotypic female children with 17-hydroxylase deficiency. The diagnosis was suspected as a likely cause of familial low renin hypertension and was confirmed by findings of reduced basal and ACTH-stimulated serum and urinary levels of cortisol and other 17-hydroxysteroids, together with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in both 46,XY and 46,XX patients, and abnormally increased secretion of 17-desoxysteroids, such as progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, and corticosterone. ACTH stimulation testing demonstrated a lesser degree of 17-hydroxylase deficiency in the obligate heterozygous parents; one father had increased basal serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone values, unresponsive to ACTH, suggesting partial Leydig cell 17,20-desmolase deficiency.