A Morphological Study of Solvothermally Grown SnO Nanostructures for Application in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Tin(IV) oxide (SnO) nanostructures, which possess larger surface areas for transporting electron carriers, have been used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the reported power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of this type of PSCs show a large variation. One of the possible reasons for this phenomenon is the low reproducibility of SnO nanostructures if they are prepared by different research groups using various growth methods.