Speech Sound Categories Affect Lexical Competition: Implications for Analytic Auditory Training.

Objectives: We provide a novel application of psycholinguistic theories and methods to the field of auditory training to provide preliminary data regarding which minimal pair contrasts are more difficult for listeners with typical hearing to distinguish in real-time.

Design: Using eye-tracking, participants heard a word and selected the corresponding image from a display of four: the target word, two unrelated words, and a word from one of four contrast categories (i.e.

Effect of immunization registry-based provider reminder to initiate HPV vaccination at age 9, Washington state.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates are lower than Tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap) and Meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY) rates, although the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends all three vaccines be given routinely at age 11-12. Evidence is mounting that children who initiate HPV vaccination starting at age 9 are more likely to complete the series on time. Washington state implemented a provider reminder through its immunization information system (WAIIS) in January 2023 to increase HPV vaccine initiation at 9-years-old by updating the forecasted recommended age for HPV from age 11 to 9.

Development of a personalized shared decision-making tool for knee osteoarthritis and user-testing with African American and Latina women.

Background: Patients with chronic knee pain are often unaware of treatment options and likely outcomes-information that is critical to decision-making. A consistent framework for communicating patient-personalized information enables clinicians to provide consistent, targeted, and relevant information. Our objective was to user-test a shared decision-making (SDM) tool for chronic knee pain.

Epidemiology of Antibiotic Use and Drivers of Cross-Border Procurement in a Mexican American Border Community.

Background: The U.S.-Mexico Border is an area of opportunity for improved health care access; however, gaps remain as to how and where U.

Evidence of absence regression: a binomial N-mixture model for estimating fatalities at wind energy facilities.

Estimating bird and bat fatalities caused by wind-turbine facilities is challenging when carcasses are rare and produce counts that are either exactly or very near zero. The rarity of found carcasses is exacerbated when live members of a particular species are rare and when carcasses degrade quickly, are removed by scavengers, or are not detected by observers. With few observed carcass counts, common statistical methods like logistic, Poisson, or negative binomial regression are unreliable (statistically biased) and often fail to provide answers (i.

Expanded Helicenes as Synthons for Chiral Macrocyclic Nanocarbons.

Expanded helicenes are large, structurally flexible π-frameworks that can be viewed as building blocks for more complex chiral nanocarbons. Here we report a gram-scale synthesis of an alkyne-functionalized expanded [11]helicene and its single-step transformation into two structurally and functionally distinct types of macrocyclic derivatives: (1) a figure-eight dimer via alkyne metathesis (also gram scale) and (2) two arylene-bridged expanded helicenes via Zr-mediated, formal [2+2+] cycloadditions. The phenylene-bridged helicene displays a substantially higher enantiomerization barrier (22.

Sterically Unprotected Nucleophilic Boron Cluster Reagents.

A cornerstone of modern synthetic chemistry rests on the ability to manipulate the reactivity of a carbon center by rendering it either electrophilic or nucleophilic. However, accessing a similar reactivity spectrum with boron-based reagents has been significantly more challenging. While classical nucleophilic carbon-based reagents normally do not require steric protection, readily accessible, unprotected boron-based nucleophiles have not yet been realized.

Rational Development of Remote C-H Functionalization of Biphenyl: Experimental and Computational Studies.

A simple and efficient nitrile-directed meta-C-H olefination, acetoxylation, and iodination of biaryl compounds is reported. Compared to the previous approach of installing a complex U-shaped template to achieve a molecular U-turn and assemble the large-sized cyclophane transition state for the remote C-H activation, a synthetically useful phenyl nitrile functional group could also direct remote meta-C-H activation. This reaction provides a useful method for the modification of biaryl compounds because the nitrile group can be readily converted to amines, acids, amides, or other heterocycles.

Computational Exploration of a Pd(II)-Catalyzed γ-C-H Arylation Where Stereoselectivity Arises from Attractive Aryl-Aryl Interactions.

The enantioselective Pd(II)-catalyzed γ-C-H arylation of picolinamides with a chiral BINOL phosphate ligand was explored using density functional theory (DFT). Enantioselectivity arises from attractive aryl-aryl interactions between the pseudoequatorial phenyl substituent of the substrate and the chiral BINOL phosphate ligand.

Dynamic Ligand Exchange as a Mechanistic Probe in Pd-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Functionalization Reactions Using Monoprotected Amino Acid Ligands.

A new tool for probing enantioselective reaction mechanisms is introduced. Monitoring the temporal change in product enantiomeric excess after addition of the opposite enantiomer of the ligand during the reaction provides a means of probing dynamic ligand exchange in enantioselective C-H iodination catalyzed by Pd with monoprotected amino acid ligands (MPAAs). This work has general potential to provide insights about the dynamics of catalyst and ligand molecularity and exchange.

A comprehensive analysis of small-passerine fatalities from collision with turbines at wind energy facilities.

Small passerines, sometimes referred to as perching birds or songbirds, are the most abundant bird group in the United States (US) and Canada, and the most common among bird fatalities caused by collision with turbines at wind energy facilities. We used data compiled from 116 studies conducted in the US and Canada to estimate the annual rate of small-bird fatalities. It was necessary for us to calculate estimates of small-bird fatality rates from reported all-bird rates for 30% of studies.

Low INSL3 in Klinefelter syndrome is related to osteocalcin, testosterone treatment and body composition, as well as measures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is characterized by infertility and hypogonadism associated with increased prevalence of osteoporosis, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is produced in the Leydig cells. INSL3 has been suggested to play a role in bone health.

Human testicular insulin-like factor 3 and endocrine disrupters.

The hormone insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is produced by testicular Leydig cells. Production of INSL3 is dependent on the state of Leydig cell differentiation and is stimulated by the long-term trophic effects of luteinizing hormone. INSL3 is, along with the other major Leydig cell hormone testosterone, essential for testicular descent, which in humans should be completed before birth.

Serum insulin-like factor 3 is highly correlated with intratesticular testosterone in normal men with acute, experimental gonadotropin deficiency stimulated with low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin: a randomized, controlled trial.

Objective: To study the potential role for using serum biomarkers, including insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, antimüllerian hormone, and inhibin B, as correlates of intratesticular T (IT-T) concentrations in men.

Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Setting: University-based medical center.

Testicular descent: INSL3, testosterone, genes and the intrauterine milieu.

Complete testicular descent is a sign of, and a prerequisite for, normal testicular function in adult life. The process of testis descent is dependent on gubernacular growth and reorganization, which is regulated by the Leydig cell hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. Investigation of the role of INSL3 and its receptor, relaxin-family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2), has contributed substantially to our understanding of the hormonal control of testicular descent.

Optimising ankle sprain prevention: a critical review and practical appraisal of the literature.

Objectives: To establish the effect of preventive measures and assert the optimal prevention strategy for acute lateral ligament injury to the ankle.

Methods: An electronic literature search was employed to look for published randomised controlled trials, a controlled trials or time interventions containing research questions regarding the prevention of lateral ankle ligament injuries. Two reviewers reviewed relevant studies for strengths and weaknesses in design and methodology, according to a standardised set of predefined criteria.

Human testicular insulin-like factor 3: in relation to development, reproductive hormones and andrological disorders.

Knockout of the gene encoding insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) results in cryptorchidism in mice due to disruption of the transabdominal phase of testicular descent. This finding was essential for understanding the complete course of testis descensus, and wound up years of speculations regarding the endocrine regulation of this process. INSL3 is, along with testosterone, a major secretory product of testicular Leydig cells.

Insulin-like factor 3 levels in second-trimester amniotic fluid.

Background: According to animal studies, the testicular Leydig cell hormone insulin-like factor 3 (Insl3) exerts a fundamental role in abdominal testis translocation, which occurs in the beginning of the second trimester in humans. Despite this, human prenatal INSL3 production has been poorly investigated.

Methods: Amniotic fluid from 91 pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis was analyzed for INSL3 and testosterone (T) levels.

Insulin-like factor 3 levels in cord blood and serum from children: effects of age, postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation, and cryptorchidism.

Context: The Leydig cell hormone insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is important for testicular descent. Currently INSL3 levels in cord blood, in serum throughout childhood, and in relation to congenital cryptorchidism are unknown.

Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize INSL3 levels in cord blood during the postnatal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and in later childhood in normal boys and girls and cryptorchid boys.