The effect of gender targeting of food transfers on child nutritional status: Experimental evidence from the Bolivian Amazon.

Some research suggests women are more likely to allocate additional resources to their children than are men. This perception has influenced policies such as in-kind food transfer programs and cash transfer programs, which often target women recipients. We assess whether targeting in-kind rice transfers to female versus male adult household members has a differential impact on children's short-run nutritional status.

Conditional cash transfers for primary education: Which children are left out?

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs to increase primary-school enrollment and attendance among low-income households have been shown to benefit children and households, but to date little is known about who joins such programs. We test three hypotheses about predictors of CCT program participation in indigenous societies in Bolivia, focusing on attributes of the household (ethnicity), parents (modern human capital), and children (age, sex). We model whether children receive a transfer from Bolivia's CCT program (), using data from 811 school-age children and nine ethnic groups.

Special issue on technology and neuropsychological rehabilitation: Overview and reflections on ways to conduct future studies and support clinical practice.

In this editorial, we wish to highlight and reflect on research advances presented in the articles comprising this special issue on technology and neuropsychological rehabilitation, which happens to be published more than a decade after the first special issue on the subject. In 2004, the journal recognised the great potential of information technology for increasing the support provided to people with cognitive deficits, and published emerging state-of-the art practices in the field. Since that time, research and technology have made tremendous progress, and the influence of information technology on research methods has transformed the field of neurorehabilitation.

Human capital, wealth, and nutrition in the Bolivian Amazon.

We analyze anthropometric variables of a society of forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane') in 2001-2002. Community variables (e.g.

Efficacy of trovafloxacin against penicillin-susceptible and multiresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model.

The increasing emergence of penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae will create a serious therapeutic problem in coming years. Trovafloxacin is a novel naphthyridone quinolone with promising activity against S. pneumoniae, including penicillin-resistant strains (MIC for 90% of the isolates tested, 0.

Efficacy of single-dose ceftriaxone in experimental otitis media induced by penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

We used a gerbil model of otitis media to assess the efficacy of single-dose ceftriaxone against three Streptococcus pneumoniae strains highly resistant to penicillin (MICs, 4 to 8 micrograms/ml) and with various susceptibilities to ceftriaxone (MICs, 0.5, 4, and 8 micrograms/ml). Middle ear infection was induced by bilateral transbullar challenge with 10(7) bacteria per ear.

In vivo efficacy of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model.

The increasing emergence of penicillin-resistant (Pr) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae could pose a therapeutic problem in the next few years. Ceftriaxone (CRO), a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, exhibits a smaller increase in MICs against Pr S. pneumoniae strains than amoxicillin (AMO) (usually referred as to the "gold standard" therapy for pneumococcal infections).

Kinetics and tolerability of intravitreal pefloxacin in rabbits.

In the treatment of patients with bacterial endophthalmitis, the intravitreal administration of antibiotics is suitable for induction therapy since it provides immediate high concentrations in the vitreous humor. Pefloxacin has been shown to have good intraocular penetration when given systemically. In order to extend the potential routes of administration of this agent, we have assessed the kinetics and toxicity of pefloxacin in rabbit phakic eyes following intravitreal instillation.

Efficacy and ocular penetration of sparfloxacin in experimental streptococcal endophthalmitis.

Gram-positive cocci are the most common pathogens in severe human eye infections. Streptococcal endophthalmitis is a devastating infection, and intravitreal antibiotic therapy is limited by retinal toxicity. Because few systemic antistreptococcal antibiotics penetrate into the vitreous, sparfloxacin, a newer quinolone with improved antistreptococcal activity, might be of interest.

In vivo efficacy of a new fluoroquinolone, sparfloxacin, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant and multiresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of pneumonia.

The increasing emergence of penicillin-resistant and multiresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae may pose a problem in coming years. We therefore compared sparfloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone with improved potency against streptococci, with amoxicillin, the "gold standard" in this setting, and another fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, in a mouse pneumonia model. Their efficacies against penicillin-susceptible (serotype 3), macrolide-resistant (serotype 1), penicillin-resistant (serotype 23), and multiresistant (serotype 6) S.

Kinetic disposition of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Relevance for drug efficacy.

The authors studied whether pharmacokinetic parameters could explain differences in the in vivo antipneumococcal activity of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a mouse model of pneumonia. The effects of infection on the disposition and clearance mechanisms of the two drugs were evaluated after a single administration (100 mg/kg s.c.

Use of fluoroquinolones for prophylaxis of murine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

We compared the prophylactic activities of six fluoroquinolones against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed rats. Pefloxacin was the only agent which was as effective as the reference drug trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clinical trials with pefloxacin in patients at risk for P.

Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum strains to mefloquine in an urban area in Senegal.

A total of 47 nonimmune febrile patients from Pikine, Senegal, with greater than 1,000 Plasmodium falciparum asexual forms per microliter whole blood were given 12.5 mg per kg body weight of mefloquine in a single oral dose and were followed up daily until day 7 and also on day 14 of the study. Seven of the patients who vomited, four who had 4-aminoquinolines in their blood, and five dropouts were excluded.

Ocular kinetics of pefloxacin after intramuscular administration in albino and pigmented rabbits.

We determined the ocular kinetics of pefloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, when administered by the intramuscular route to albino and pigmented rabbits. In serum of albino rabbits, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for the experimental period was 31.4 +/- 1.

Divided-dose kinetics of mefloquine in man.

The kinetics of mefloquine was investigated following oral divided-doses in 10 healthy Caucasian volunteers. They received 500 or 750 mg followed by 500 mg 8 h later. Unchanged mefloquine (M) and its carboxylic acid metabolite (MM) were measured in whole blood and plasma for 50 days by h.

Alteration of gentamicin and cefazolin kinetics with control of the hypothyroid state in humans.

We studied the effect of the control of the hypothyroid state in humans on the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefazolin and gentamicin after a single intravenous injection. These two antibiotics were chosen because of their different patterns of binding to serum albumin (0% for gentamicin and 82% for cefazolin). In hypothyroidism, the behavior of cefazolin only was altered, with a decrease in the total body clearance, possibly due to reduced urinary excretion, and a decrease in the volume of distribution without a significant alteration of cefazolin binding to serum protein.

[Treatment of septicemia and endocarditis with pefloxacine. 15 cases].

The therapeutic effectiveness of pefloxacin was evaluated in 15 patients admitted to an intensive care unit and suffering from septicaemia or endocarditis. Seven of these patients had a focal infection (acute anterior mediastinitis or epiduritis). Pefloxacin was combined with an aminoglycoside in 13 cases and with rifampicin in 1 case.

Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients.

Peak and trough vancomycin serum levels were measured in 37 severely ill patients following dosing using the Moellering nomogram. The peak and trough serum concentrations were 61.2 +/- 23 and 22.

Cefamandole bone diffusion in patients undergoing total hip replacement.

Cefamandole penetration was studied in 32 normal bone specimens. No antibiotic bone binding was found. Blood contamination of bone samples was measured by the haemoglobin method.

Studies of granulocyte kinetics in normal and granulocytopenic subjects.

Granulopoiesis was studied simultaneously by three methods in normal subjects and in subjects with neutropenia of various aetiologies: in vitro labelling of autologous and homologous granulocytes for the study of peripheral kinetics, in vivo labelling with DF32P (di-isopropyl-flourophosphate 32P) or 75Se-selenomethionine, and bone marrow autoradiography after in vitro labelling with 3H-thymidine for the study of bone marrow granulopoiesis. Three main mechanisms of neutropenia can be distinguished: a) peripheral hyperdestruction, corpuscular or extra-corpuscular, and false leukopenias (change in the distribution of peripheral granulocytes from the circulating to the marginal granulocyte pool; b) quantitative bone marrow insufficiency without qualitative abnormality; c) qualitative abnormality in bone marrow granulopoiesis with cell death in either the maturation stage or the proliferative stage. There is no exact correlation between clinical and kinetic classifications, but most cases of post-infection chronic neutropenias and idiopathic neutropenias fall into the first two categories, and most cases of benzol intoxication and bone marrow insufficiency due to X-irradiation fall into the last category.

Kinetic studies of 51Cr and DF32P labelled granulocytes.

In vivo kinetic studies of granulocytes labelled in vitro with 51Cr and DF32P were carried out in nine haematologically normal subjects by isolation of the cells in the blood samples by the Ficoll-Isopaque flotation method. 51Cr and 32P specific activity of blood samples made of 93-98% granulocytes was studied. Distribution between marginated and circulating granulocyte pools was identical for both labelled cells and the marginated pool was similar to the circulating pool, except that it was lower in one subject who had a previous splenectomy.