An Unusual Case of Chylous Ascites.

Chylous ascites occur when the lymphatic flow is blocked or disrupted, causing a leakage of fluid into the peritoneal space. It can be caused by a number of etiologies and identifying the exact cause can be challenging. We present the case of a 77-year-old man who presented with chylous ascites.

Overview of chronic hepatitis B management.

Chronic hepatitis B remains a substantial global health challenge, impacting approximately 254 million people worldwide. A cure for this condition is yet to be discovered. Early identification and effective treatments coupled with vigilant monitoring can help alleviate associated morbidity and mortality due to potential complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

coexpressing neurons modulate the suppression of food intake and body weight by a GLP-1/leptin dual agonist.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and leptin signal recent feeding and long-term energy stores, respectively, and play complementary roles in the modulation of energy balance. Previous work using single-cell techniques in mice revealed the existence of a population of leptin receptor ()-containing dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) neurons marked by the expression of GLP-1 receptor (; LepR neurons) that play important roles in the control of feeding and body weight by leptin. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a population of LepR neurons in the DMHs of nonhuman primates (NHPs), suggesting the potential translational relevance of these neurons.

The solute carrier SLC7A1 may act as a protein transporter at the blood-brain barrier.

Despite extensive research, targeted delivery of substances to the brain still poses a great challenge due to the selectivity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Most molecules require either carrier- or receptor-mediated transport systems to reach the central nervous system (CNS). These transport systems form attractive routes for the delivery of therapeutics into the CNS, yet the number of known brain endothelium-enriched receptors allowing the transport of large molecules into the brain is scarce.

Size-distribution and driving factors of aerosol oxidative potential in rural kitchen microenvironments of northeastern India.

This study reports size-resolved dithiothreitol (DTT)-based oxidative potential (OP: total and water-soluble) in rural kitchens using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), firewood (FW), and mixed biomass (MB) fuels in northeastern (NE) India. In comparison to LPG, volume-normalized total OP (OP) was enhanced by a factor of ∼5 in biomass-using kitchens (74 ± 35 to 78 ± 42 nmol min m); however, mass-normalized total OP (OP) was similar between LPG and FW users and higher by a factor of 2 in MB-using kitchens. The water-insoluble OP (OP) fraction in OP was greater than 50% across kitchens.

Strategies to Assess Occupational Exposure to Airborne Nanoparticles: Systematic Review and Recommendations.

In many industrial sectors, workers are exposed to manufactured or unintentionally emitted airborne nanoparticles (NPs). To develop prevention and enhance knowledge surrounding exposure, it has become crucial to achieve a consensus on how to assess exposure to airborne NPs by inhalation in the workplace. Here, we review the literature presenting recommendations on assessing occupational exposure to NPs.

Understanding population exposure to size-segregated aerosol and associated trace elements during residential cooking in northeastern India: Implications for disease burden and health risk.

Mass-size distribution of respirable aerosol and 13 associated trace elements (TEs) were investigated in rural kitchens using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), firewood and mixed biomass fuels across three northeastern Indian states. The averaged PM (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) and ΣTE concentrations were 403 and 30 μg m for LPG, 2429 and 55 μg m for firewood, and 1024 and 44 μg m for mixed biomass-using kitchens. Mass-size distributions were tri-modal with peaks in the ultrafine (0.

Retained particle surface area dose drives inflammation in rat lungs following acute, subacute, and subchronic inhalation of nanomaterials.

Background: An important aspect of nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment is establishing relationships between physicochemical properties and key events governing the toxicological pathway leading to adverse outcomes. The difficulty of NM grouping can be simplified if the most toxicologically relevant dose metric is used to assess the toxicological dose-response. Here, we thoroughly investigated the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation (based on polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx (% PMN) in lung bronchoalveolar lavage) and the retained surface area in the lung.

Seasonal Evolution of Size-Segregated Particulate Mercury in the Atmospheric Aerosol Over Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica.

Size-fractionated particulate mercury (PHg) measurements were performed from November 2017 to January 2018 at Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) for the first time. Samples were collected every 10 days by a six-stage high-volume cascade impactor with size classes between 10 μm and 0.49 μm.

Characterizing particle emissions from a direct energy deposition additive manufacturing process and associated occupational exposure to airborne particles.

This study aims to characterize airborne particles emitted from a metal additive manufacturing machine and related levels of occupational exposure. To achieve this, a complete measurement methodology was deployed around a direct energy deposition machine. Different operating conditions were investigated, based on configurations of two materials and two injection nozzles.

Managing uncertainty in movement knowledge for environmental decisions.

Species' movements affect their response to environmental change but movement knowledge is often highly uncertain. We now have well-established methods to integrate movement knowledge into conservation practice but still lack a framework to deal with uncertainty in movement knowledge for environmental decisions. We provide a framework that distinguishes two dimensions of species' movement that are heavily influenced by uncertainty: about movement and of movement to environmental decisions.

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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which vary in length, diameter, functionalization and specific surface area, are used in diverse industrial processes. Since these nanomaterials have a high aspect ratio and are biopersistant in the lung, there is a need for a rapid identification of their potential health hazard. We assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats the pulmonary toxicity of two pristine MWCNTs (the "long and thick" NM-401 and the "short and thin" NM-403) following either intratracheal instillation or 4-week inhalation in order to gain insights into the predictability and intercomparability of the two methods.

Diffuse pulmonary small nodular and patchy infiltrates on chest X-ray with hemoptysis: TB or not TB?-a call for scale up of respiratory medicine services in African TB high burden countries: a case of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.

Tuberculosis is still one of the most common respiratory diseases in Africa and worldwide and miliary tuberculosis is a regular manifestation of it. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is a rare disease entity, presenting in children as well as adults. It is characterized by the triad of recurrent episodes of alveolar hemorrhage, presenting as hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest X-ray.

Combining NSAM and CPC concentrations to determine airborne nanoparticle count median diameter: Application to various laboratory and workplace aerosols.

Because nanomaterials have been increasingly developed and used in many technology and industry sectors over the last 20 years, an increasing number of workers is likely to be exposed to airborne nanoparticles. In addition, the question of the nanomaterial characteristics that should be assessed in epidemiological studies remains open. Thus, assessing occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles will not only rely on mass concentration and chemical composition.

Sampling Efficiency and Performance of Selected Thoracic Aerosol Samplers.

Measurement of worker exposure to a thoracic health-related aerosol fraction is necessary in a number of occupational situations. This is the case of workplaces with atmospheres polluted by fibrous particles, such as cotton dust or asbestos, and by particles inducing irritation or bronchoconstriction such as acid mists or flour dust. Three personal and two static thoracic aerosol samplers were tested under laboratory conditions.

Effectiveness of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir with/without Ribavarin in Liver Transplant Recipients with Hepatitis C.

Recurrent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in liver transplant (LT) recipients is universal and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with and without ribavirin in LT recipients with recurrent genotype 1 hepatitis C. Eighty-five LT recipients were treated for recurrent HCV with ledipasvir/sofosbuvirwith and without ribavirin for 12 or 24 weeks.

Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence in Egyptian Americans in Southern California.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global medical health concern. Egypt has the highest HCV prevalence. Few studies have assessed the HCV prevalence rates among Egyptian-born expatriates.

Accessibility to Oral Antiviral Therapy for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C in the United States.

Background : Hepatitis C (HCV) direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are safe, effective, and tolerable. Most contraindications to interferon-based treatment are no long applicable. The aims of this study were to understand the predictors of approval to drug accessibility.

Curing Hepatitis C in Liver Transplant Recipients Is Associated with Changes in Immunosuppressant Use.

Background And Aims: All-oral interferon-free antivirals are highly effective in treating recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) infection in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The aim of the study was to assess immunosuppression needs after achieving a sustained viral response (SVR).

Methods: We compared immunosuppression needs before and after achieving a SVR in adult LT recipients treated for recurrent HCV infection with all-oral direct acting agents.

Treating fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C with sofosbuvir and ribavirin: a matched analysis.

Background: Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) in liver transplant recipients.

Methods: We matched the treatment outcomes of 10 liver transplant recipients who developed FCH with those of 10 recipients with recurrent HCV without FCH treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin.

Results: Baseline mean alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin were 186 U/L, 197 U/L, 243 U/L, and 6.