Informed choices for some, but not for others: An exploration of Australian midlife women's participation in mammography screening by social class.

Background: Population-level mammography screening for early detection of breast cancer is a secondary prevention measure well-embedded in developed countries, and the implications for women's health are widely researched. From a public health perspective, efforts have focused on why mammography screening rates remain below the 70% screening rate required for effective population-level screening. From a sociological perspective, debates centre on whether 'informed choice' regarding screening exists for all women and the overemphasis on screening benefits, at the cost of not highlighting the potential harms.

How social class shapes breast cancer risk perspectives and prevention practices of Australian midlife women: a qualitative study using the concept of 'breast cancer candidacy'.

Background: The increasing incidence of breast cancer and disease burden is a significant public health concern. While 30% of breast cancers could be prevented through addressing modifiable risk factors, misconceptions among women about breast cancer risks hamper primary prevention. In the absence of primary prevention, secondary prevention such as mammography increases the early detection of breast cancer and improves health outcomes.

A conceptual framework for characterising lifecourse determinants of multiple long-term condition multimorbidity.

Objective: Social, biological and environmental factors in early-life, defined as the period from preconception until age 18, play a role in shaping the risk of multiple long-term condition multimorbidity. However, there is a need to conceptualise these early-life factors, how they relate to each other, and provide conceptual framing for future research on aetiology and modelling prevention scenarios of multimorbidity. We develop a conceptual framework to characterise the population-level domains of early-life determinants of future multimorbidity.

Assessment of Infection Prevalence and Intensity of Disease-Causing Parasitic Protozoans and in Georgia Oysters.

Eastern oysters, , are ecologically and economically important coastal species which provide a commercially valuable food product while also improving water quality through filtration, protecting shorelines, and providing habitat. The protozoan parasites and commonly infect oysters along the United States Atlantic and Gulf coasts and have been linked to poor oyster health and mass mortality events. In this study, wild oysters were collected from multiple reefs within four tidal creeks along the coast of Georgia to investigate and prevalence and intensity, their potential impact on oyster health, and identify possible drivers of the parasites.

A regional perspective to promoting water consumption in secondary school students.

Objective: Adolescents are high consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), which contribute to overweight and obesity - a significant public health issue. Evidence suggests that replacing SSB with water and school-based interventions can reduce consumption. This study examines the acceptability of a previously trialled intervention (Thirsty? Choose Water!) in regional and remote secondary schools.

A monitoring and site visit intervention to reduce sales to minors at packaged liquor outlets.

Issue Addressed: Selling alcohol to a minor is a serious offence in the New South Wales Liquor Act. However, minors report they can purchase alcohol easily. This study used an intersectoral partnership between the Central Coast Local Health District (CCLHD) Health Promotion Service, and Liquor & Gaming NSW (L&GNSW) Compliance Operations to test a site visit intervention to increase ID checks at packaged liquor outlets (PLOs).

Extending the sociology of candidacy: Bourdieu's relational social class and mid-life women's perceptions of alcohol-related breast cancer risk.

Alcohol is a modifiable breast cancer risk, increasing risk in a dose-dependent manner. Mid-life women (aged 45-64 years) consume alcohol at higher rates than younger women and this, combined with age, make them a high-risk group for breast cancer. This critical public health problem has a seemingly obvious solution (reduce drinking); however, women do not necessarily know alcohol causes breast cancer, and if they do, reducing consumption is not always possible, or desirable.

'I have a healthy relationship with alcohol': Australian midlife women, alcohol consumption and social class.

Alcohol consumption by Australian women during midlife has been increasing. Health promotion efforts to reduce alcohol consumption in order to reduce alcohol-related disease risk compete with the social contexts and value of alcohol in women's lives. This paper draws on 50 qualitative interviews with midlife women (45-64 years of age) from different social classes living in South Australia in order to gain an understanding of how and why women might justify their relationships with alcohol.

The outcomes of Thirsty? Choose Water! Determining the effects of a behavioural and an environmental intervention on water and sugar sweetened beverage consumption in adolescents: A randomised controlled trial.

Issue Addressed: Childhood obesity is a serious public health challenge. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is one contributing factor, with adolescents being the highest consumers.

Methods: This study used a randomised controlled trial and two-by-two factorial design to determine the effectiveness of a school-based behavioural intervention (including education/promotional messages) and/or environmental intervention (chilled water station), on encouraging adolescents to choose water instead of SSBs.

Place of alcohol in the 'wellness toolkits' of midlife women in different social classes: A qualitative study in South Australia.

In this article, we explore how women in different social classes had differential access to resources and services to enhance their 'wellness'-resulting in classed roles in alcohol consumption. We analyse data from a qualitative study on alcohol by midlife women in South Australia and employ the analogy of a 'toolkit' in order to understand the structural patterning of 'wellness tools'. Bourdieu's relational model of class guides our exploration of women's inequitable opportunities for wellness.

Revisiting Candidacy: What Might It Offer Cancer Prevention?

The notion of candidacy emerged three decades ago through Davison and colleagues' exploration of people's understanding of the causes of coronary heart disease. Candidacy was a mechanism to estimate one's own or others risk of disease informed by their lay epidemiology. It could predict who would develop illness or explain why someone succumbed to it.

How Are the Links between Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Portrayed in Australian Newspapers?: A Paired Thematic and Framing Media Analysis.

Unlabelled: A dose-dependent relationship between alcohol consumption and increased breast cancer risk is well established, even at low levels of consumption. Australian women in midlife (45-64 years) are at highest lifetime risk for developing breast cancer but demonstrate low awareness of this link. We explore women's exposure to messages about alcohol and breast cancer in Australian print media in the period 2002-2018.

Assessing the responses of smokers to requests to stop smoking on hospital grounds.

Issue Addressed: Fear of aggression is often cited as an issue for health service staff in approaching smokers who are breaching smoke-free policies. This study collected data to quantify the interactions between Health Promotion Service staff and smokers. The aim was to trial de-escalation based protocols for Authorised Inspectors and one for general staff with regards to the aggression risk to staff when approaching smokers within hospital grounds.

Use of Kids Helpline by Children and Young People in Australia During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose: The benefits of helplines are particularly valuable during a pandemic when face-to-face services and natural supports are difficult to access. Kids Helpline, Australia's national youth helpline, provides children and young people with free 24/7 information and counseling through telephone, WebChat, and e-mail. We aimed to examine the use of Kids Helpline during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Verbal count sequence knowledge underpins numeral order processing in children.

Recent research has suggested that numeral order processing - the speed and accuracy with which individuals can determine whether a set of digits is in numerical order or not - is related to arithmetic and mathematics outcomes. It has therefore been proposed that ordinal relations are a fundamental property of symbolic numeral representations. However, order information is also inherent in the verbal count sequence, and thus verbal count sequence knowledge may instead explain the relationship between performance on numeral order tasks and arithmetic.

The effectiveness of buccal Vitamin D replacement in patients requiring home parenteral nutrition.

Background And Aims: Patients with intestinal failure requiring home parenteral nutrition are at risk of vitamin D and other micronutrient deficiencies. Conventional enteral replacement of Vitamin D may not be sufficient for this patient group. This study examines whether buccal Vitamin D provides an alternative, effective route for supplementing Vitamin D in patients with intestinal failure.

Thirsty? Choose Water! Encouraging Secondary School Students to choose water over sugary drinks. A descriptive analysis of intervention components.

Background: Childhood obesity is a significant public health issue. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption contributes to this and adolescents are high consumers. This paper provides a descriptive overview of a school-based intervention to address this.

Systematic Review: The State of Research Into Youth Helplines.

Objective: Helplines are generally a population-level resource for providing free, timely, easy-to-access, and anonymous counseling and/or information. Helplines have been developed and widely implemented for specific use by young people. The current study aimed to systematically review the literature to determine the status of research into the use of helplines among young people.

Adaptation of public health initiatives: expert views on current guidance and opportunities to advance their application and benefit.

While there is some guidance to support the adaptation of evidence-based public health interventions, little is known about adaptation in practice and how to best support public health practitioners in its operationalization. This qualitative study was undertaken with researchers, methodologists, policy makers and practitioners representing public health expert organizations and universities internationally to explore their views on available adaptation frameworks, elicit potential improvements to such guidance, and identify opportunities to improve implementation of public health initiatives. Participants attended a face to face workshop in Newcastle, Australia in October 2018 where World Café and focus group discussions using Appreciative Inquiry were undertaken.

The Experiences of Youth Mental Health Peer Workers over Time: A Qualitative Study with Longitudinal Analysis.

Peer work is a rapidly growing part of the mental health workforce, yet few studies explore the implementation of peer work in youth mental health. Qualitative focus groups were conducted with eight youth peer workers at the commencement of their employment, then at 3-months and 6-months after this time. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic and trajectory analysis.

Optimisation: defining and exploring a concept to enhance the impact of public health initiatives.

Background: Repeated, data-driven optimisation processes have been applied in many fields to rapidly transform the performance of products, processes and interventions. While such processes may similarly be employed to enhance the impact of public health initiatives, optimisation has not been defined in the context of public health and there has been little exploration of its key concepts.

Methods: We used a modified, three-round Delphi study with an international group of researchers, public health policy-makers and practitioners to (1) generate a consensus-based definition of optimisation in the context of public health and (2i) describe key considerations for optimisation in that context.

TAF1-gene editing alters the morphology and function of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

TAF1/MRSX33 intellectual disability syndrome is an X-linked disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the TAF1 gene. How these mutations cause dysmorphology, hypotonia, intellectual and motor defects is unknown. Mouse models which have embryonically targeted TAF1 have failed, possibly due to TAF1 being essential for viability, preferentially expressed in early brain development, and intolerant of mutation.

A preparative method for the isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic acids from bitumen-influenced waters.

The surface mining of oil sands north of Fort McMurray, Alberta produces considerable tailings waste that is stored in large tailings ponds on industrial lease sites. Viable strategies for the detoxification of oil sands process affected water (OSPW) are under investigation. In order to assess the toxic potential of the suite of dissolved organics in OSPW, a method for their extraction and fractionation was developed using solid phase extraction.