Defining frequent use of an urban emergency department.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a definition of frequent use of an emergency department (ED) by comparing differences in the observed frequency distribution with that of a theoretical frequency distribution.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of attendance of ED and minor injury unit attendances in one city over 1 year was conducted. From these data, the expected frequency distribution was determined based upon a Poisson distribution.

The right to refuse.

Accepting or refusing clinical treatment is an adult's right, and guidance for healthcare professionals on the issue is set out in the Reference Guide to Consent for Examination or Treatment ( Department of Health 2001 ).