Extracellular vesicles produced by HIV-1 Nef-expressing cells induce myelin impairment and oligodendrocyte damage in the mouse central nervous system.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a spectrum of cognitive impairments that continue to affect approximately half of all HIV-positive individuals despite effective viral suppression through antiretroviral therapy (ART). White matter pathologies have persisted in the ART era, and the degree of white matter damage correlates with the degree of neurocognitive impairment in patients with HAND. The HIV protein Nef has been implicated in HAND pathogenesis, but its effect on white matter damage has not been well characterized.

Cross-talk between immunity and behavior: insights from entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts.

Insects are one of the most successful animals in nature, and entomopathogenic fungi play a significant role in the natural epizootic control of insect populations in many ecosystems. The interaction between insects and entomopathogenic fungi has continuously coevolved over hundreds of millions of years. Many components of the insect innate immune responses against fungal infection are conserved across phyla.

Minimally invasive nerve and artery sparing surgical approach for temporal migraines.

Background: Temporal migraines (TM) present with throbbing, pulsating headaches in the temporal area. Different surgical techniques ranging from resecting the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) and or ligating the superficial temporal artery (STA) have shown similar good results to decrease TM symptoms. No conclusive data supports a specific disease of the STA in TM patients.

Severity of oxidative stress as a hallmark in COVID-19 patients.

Introduction: Understanding the mechanisms and identifying effective treatments for the COVID-19 outbreak are imperative. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antioxidant status and oxidative stress parameters as potential pivotal mechanisms in asymptomatic, non-severe, and severe COVID-19 patients.

Methods: This study is a case-control study that was performed on patients referred to the Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran, from May 2021 to September 2021.

Crosstalk between autophagy and insulin resistance: evidence from different tissues.

Insulin is a critical hormone that promotes energy storage in various tissues, as well as anabolic functions. Insulin resistance significantly reduces these responses, resulting in pathological conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The management of insulin resistance requires better knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanisms to prevent secondary complications, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Functional role of the TGF-β signaling in the immune response.

TGF-β signaling pathways are present in diverse animal species, which indicates their evolutionary importance in modulating several conserved biological processes and maintaining host homeostasis by adjusting the activity of innate immune mechanisms. utilizes two related but separable cascades of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway: The Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin branches. Recent studies have produced significant information on the immune role of TGF-β signaling in the fruit fly model during response against certain bacterial pathogens.

and Molecular Docking Analysis of Quercetin as an Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant.

Introduction: Quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is a dietary flavonoid with good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Aims: The present study aims to determine these effects in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) evoked by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Methods: The mRNA expression and protein secretion of inflammatory mediators were evaluated by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively.

Patient and Caregiver-Derived Health Service Improvements for Better Critical Care Recovery.

Objectives: To engage critical care end-users (survivors and caregivers) to describe their emotions and experiences across their recovery trajectory, and elicit their ideas and solutions for health service improvements to improve the ICU recovery experience.

Design: End-user engagement as part of a qualitative design using the Framework Analysis method.

Setting: The Society of Critical Care Medicine's THRIVE international collaborative sites (follow-up clinics and peer support groups).

Modification of social determinants of health by critical illness and consequences of that modification for recovery: an international qualitative study.

Objectives: Social determinants of health (SDoH) contribute to health outcomes. We identified SDoH that were modified by critical illness, and the effect of such modifications on recovery from critical illness.

Design: In-depth semistructured interviews following hospital discharge.

A comparative study on the effect of blood collection tubes on stress oxidative markers.

Oxidative stress has a major role in disease pathogenesis. However, limited studies have investigated the effect of various sample collection tubes on oxidative biomarkers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different collection tubes on the variation of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total thiol (t-SH), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) levels.

Iron Chelator or Iron Supplement Consumption in COVID-19? The Role of Iron with Severity Infection.

Iron is a trace element that is used to replicate the virus and has a role in the vital functions of the body and the host's innate immune system. The mechanism of iron in COVID-19 severity is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the iron with COVID-19 severity.

An International Study Exploring the Experience of Survivors of Critical Illness as Volunteers Within ICU Recovery Services.

Unlabelled: Many clinicians have implemented follow-up and aftercare to support patients following ICU. Some of this care is supported and facilitated by peer volunteers. There is limited contemporary work that has explicitly explored volunteer roles within ICU recovery services or the experience of volunteers undertaking these roles.

Transitions of Care After Critical Illness-Challenges to Recovery and Adaptive Problem Solving.

Objectives: Investigate the challenges experienced by survivors of critical illness and their caregivers across the transitions of care from intensive care to community, and the potential problem-solving strategies used to navigate these challenges.

Design: Qualitative design-data generation via interviews and data analysis via the framework analysis method.

Setting: Patients and caregivers from three continents, identified through the Society of Critical Care Medicine's THRIVE international collaborative sites (follow-up clinics and peer support groups).

Optimizing Critical Illness Recovery: Perspectives and Solutions From the Caregivers of ICU Survivors.

Objectives: To understand the unmet needs of caregivers of ICU survivors, how they accessed support post ICU, and the key components of beneficial ICU recovery support systems as identified from a caregiver perspective.

Design: International, qualitative study.

Subjects: We conducted 20 semistructured interviews with a diverse group of caregivers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, 11 of whom had interacted with an ICU recovery program.

Trehalose and N-Acetyl Cysteine Alleviate Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Oxidative Stress in LPS-Stimulated Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Background: Evidence has shown that inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated in the development of a great number of human diseases. Trehalose possesses various biological effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, there is little data on the effects of trehalose on human cells including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Benefits of Peer Support for Intensive Care Unit Survivors: Sharing Experiences, Care Debriefing, and Altruism.

Background: After critical illness, patients are often left with impairments in physical, social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Peer support interventions have been implemented internationally to ameliorate these issues.

Objective: To explore what patients believed to be the key mechanisms of effectiveness of peer support programs implemented during critical care recovery.

Pros and pitfalls of externalized trans-anastomotic stent as a mitigation strategy of POPF: a prospective risk-stratified observational series.

Background: Several advantages and pitfalls have been related to externalized trans-anastomotic stents (ETS) after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an ETS effect in a risk-stratified setting.

Methods: Data from patients at either intermediate- or high-risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) following pancreaticoduodenectomy were prospectively analyzed from January 2016 to December 2019.

The effects of malvidin on oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced human THP-1 cells.

Malvidin is an anthocyanin which is involved in inhibiting inflammatory-related mediators in inflammatory diseases; however, its mechanism of action in THP-1 cells is not yet known. THP-1 is a human monocytic cell line that is derived from patients with acute monocytic leukemia. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of malvidin on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells.

Key Components of ICU Recovery Programs: What Did Patients Report Provided Benefit?

Unlabelled: To understand from the perspective of patients who did, and did not attend ICU recovery programs, what were the most important components of successful programs and how should they be organized.

Design: International, qualitative study.

Setting: Fourteen hospitals in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia.

The effects of rosmarinic acid on oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a potential herbal medicine and has received considerable attention due to its strong antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of RA on inflammation and oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were pre-treated with various contents of RA (20, 40, 80 µM) for 24 h, then, stimulated with LPS (10 ng/ml) for more 6 h.

Malvidin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

It is indicated that malvidin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on various cells, although the function of malvidin in preventing inflammatory reactions caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is still not known. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of malvidin on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in PBMCs as caused by LPS. The present findings showed that LPS significantly increased the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 mRNA and protein release from PBMCs 22 hr after treatments.

Direct vs. standard method of insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device: insertion pain and outcomes at 6 months.

The direct method is a procedure designed to cause less pain during insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). It was first reported in 2005 and differs from the standard method of insertion recommended by IUCD manufacturers. In France, the direct method is well known and used by experienced practitioners, but it has never been evaluated against the standard method of insertion.

Enablers and Barriers to Implementing ICU Follow-Up Clinics and Peer Support Groups Following Critical Illness: The Thrive Collaboratives.

Objectives: Data are lacking regarding implementation of novel strategies such as follow-up clinics and peer support groups, to reduce the burden of postintensive care syndrome. We sought to discover enablers that helped hospital-based clinicians establish post-ICU clinics and peer support programs, and identify barriers that challenged them.

Design: Qualitative inquiry.