Thalattosauria in time and space: a review of thalattosaur spatiotemporal occurrences, presumed evolutionary relationships and current ecological hypotheses.

In the wake of the greatest mass extinction in Earth's history, the End-Permian Mass Extinction, the Triassic was a time of recovery and innovation. Aided by warm climatic conditions and favorable ecological circumstances, many reptilian clades originated and rapidly diversified during this time. This set the stage for numerous independent invasions of the marine realm by several reptilian clades, such as Ichthyosauriformes and Sauropterygia, shaping the oceanic ecosystems for the entire Mesozoic.

Morphological Diversity of Turtle Hyoid Apparatus is Linked to Feeding Behavior.

The hyoid apparatus of tetrapods is highly diverse in its morphology. It plays an important role in feeding, breathing, sound production, and various other behaviors. Among turtles, the diversity of the hyoid apparatus has been recurrently linked to their habitat.

Oldest record of Machimosaurini (Thalattosuchia, Teleosauroidea): teeth and scavenging traces from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Switzerland.

The Jurassic period was a time of major diversification for Mesozoic marine reptiles, including Ichthyosauria, Plesiosauria and thalattosuchian Crocodylomorpha. The latter originated in the Early Jurassic and thrived during the Late Jurassic. Unfortunately, the Middle Jurassic, a crucial time in their evolution, has a poor fossil record.

A large new Middle Jurassic ichthyosaur shows the importance of body size evolution in the origin of the Ophthalmosauria.

The Middle Jurassic is an important time period for the evolutionary history of marine reptiles as it represented a transitional phase for many clades. Notably, in ichthyosaurs, many early parvipelvian taxa went extinct. The Middle Jurassic saw the emergence of the derived Ophthalmosauria, ultimately becoming the dominant ichthyosaurian clade by the end of the epoch.

The marine conservation deposits of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland, Italy): the prototype of Triassic black shale Lagerstätten.

Marine conservation deposits ('Konservat-Lagerstätten') are characterized by their mode of fossil preservation, faunal composition and sedimentary facies. Here, we review these characteristics with respect to the famous conservation deposit of the Besano Formation (formerly Grenzbitumenzone; including the Anisian-Ladinian boundary), and the successively younger fossil-bearing units Cava inferiore, Cava superiore, Cassina beds and the Kalkschieferzone of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland and Italy). We compare these units to a selection of important black shale-type Lagerstätten of the global Phanerozoic plus the Ediacaran in order to detect commonalities in their facies, genesis, and fossil content using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses.

To glide or to swim? A reinvestigation of the enigmatic (Reptilia) from the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada.

was initially described as a member of the Weigeltisauridae, a clade of Late Permian gliding reptiles from Eurasia and Madagascar. However, the poor preservation of the holotype and only known specimen, from the lower Sulphur Mountain Formation at Ganoid Ridge (British Columbia, Canada), raised doubts about this assignment. Here, we redescribe and reassess its systematic position among diapsid reptiles.

Identification of Medication-Related Risks in Bariatric Surgery Patients by Performing Structured Medication Reviews.

Purpose: More medication-related issues are seen with the growing demand for bariatric surgery, because of possible altered pharmacokinetics after surgery. Collaboration with a pharmacist could improve the short- and long-term safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapy in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a structured medication review to identify medication-related risks before bariatric surgery.

A forged 'chimera' including the second specimen of the protostegid sea turtle and shell parts of the pleurodire from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Group of Brazil.

Unlabelled: Fossils of Cretaceous sea turtles adapted to an open marine lifestyle remain rare finds to date. Furthermore, the relationships between extant sea turtles, chelonioids, and other Mesozoic marine turtles are still contested, with one key species being Hirayama, 1998, long considered the earliest true sea turtle. The species is an Early Cretaceous member of , a controversial clade either placed within or closely related to or, alternatively, along the stem lineage of hidden-neck turtles () and representing an independent open marine radiation.

Endocranial Casts of Camelops hesternus and Palaeolama sp.: New Insights into the Recent History of the Camelid Brain.

Endocranial casts are capable of capturing the general brain form in extinct mammals due to the high fidelity of the endocranial cavity and the brain in this clade. Camelids, the clade including extant camels, llamas, and alpacas, today display high levels of gyrification and brain complexity. The evolutionary history of the camelid brain has been described as involving unique neocortical growth dynamics which may have led to its current state.

Modeling tooth enamel in FEA comparisons of skulls: Comparing common simplifications with biologically realistic models.

Palaeontologists often use finite element analyses, in which forces propagate through objects with specific material properties, to investigate feeding biomechanics. Teeth are usually modeled with uniform properties (all bone or all enamel). In reality, most teeth are composed of pulp, dentine, and enamel.

Equatorial pliosaurid from Venezuela marks the youngest South American occurrence of the clade.

Pliosaurids were the dominant macropredators in aquatic environments at least since the Middle Jurassic until their extinction in the early Late Cretaceous. Until very recently, the Cretaceous record of Pliosauridae has been poor and difficult to interpret from the taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Despite that the knowledge of Cretaceous pliosaurids improved in recent years, numerous aspects of their evolutionary history still remain only poorly known.

Crushing lopinavir/ritonavir tablets does not result in lower exposure to lopinavir/ritonavir in adult patients with COVID-19.

Objective: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) exposure is decreased in children after crushing the tablets. Whether exposure is also decreased in adult patients is not known. This study evaluated the exposure of LPV/RTV in adult patients after administration of crushed LPV/RTV tablets.

Pharmacokinetics, Short-term Safety and Efficacy of the Approved Once-daily Darunavir/Ritonavir Dosing Regimen in HIV-infected Children.

In this multicenter pharmacokinetic study in HIV-infected children (6-12 years of age), we validated the approved once-daily darunavir/ritonavir dosing recommendations. The geometric mean darunavir area under the plasma concentration-time curve was 63.1 h·mg/L, substantially lower than the mean value observed in adults.

In vivo and in vitro palatability testing of a new paediatric formulation of valaciclovir.

Aims: The palatability of a new paediatric formulation of valaciclovir was assessed in children and their parents: non-inferiority of the new paediatric formulation (test formulation) compared to the reference formulation was investigated.

Methods: In vivo palatability testing was performed in a randomized, two-period, multicentre, cross-over study. Children and their parents scored the liking of the new paediatric valaciclovir formulation and the reference formulation on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS).

Sustained Viral Suppression in HIV-infected Children on Once-daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Clinical Practice.

Background: The use of lopinavir/ritonavir once-daily (LPV/r QD) has not been approved for children. Good short-term clinical, virologic and immunologic outcomes have been observed in children on LPV/r QD.

Methods: We evaluated the long-term effectiveness of a LPV/r QD containing regimen in HIV-1-infected children in clinical practice.

Dose evaluation of lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children aged 5 months to 18 years based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Aim: The objectives of this study were to characterize age-related changes in lamivudine pharmacokinetics in children and evaluate lamivudine exposure, followed by dose recommendations for subgroups in which target steady state area under the daily plasma concentration-time curve (AUC ) is not reached.

Methods: Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed in NONMEM using data from two model-building datasets and two external datasets [n = 180 (age 0.4-18 years, body weight 3.

Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines for treatment of paediatric HIV-1 infection 2015: optimizing health in preparation for adult life.

The 2015 Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines provide practical recommendations on the management of HIV-1 infection in children in Europe and are an update to those published in 2009. Aims of treatment have progressed significantly over the last decade, moving far beyond limitation of short-term morbidity and mortality to optimizing health status for adult life and minimizing the impact of chronic HIV infection on immune system development and health in general. Additionally, there is a greater need for increased awareness and minimization of long-term drug toxicity.

The role of formulation on the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs.

Introduction: A multitude of antiretroviral drug formulations are now available for HIV-infected adults and children. These formulations include individual and co-formulated drugs, many of which are also supplied in generic versions. Many antiretroviral drugs have a low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability.

Pharmacokinetics of pediatric lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in children when administered twice daily according to FDA weight bands.

Background: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) pediatric tablets (100/25 mg) are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Dosing is based on body weight bands or body surface area under FDA approval and only body surface area by the EMA. This can lead to a different recommended dose.

Removal of valproic acid by plasmapheresis in a patient treated for multiple sclerosis.

We present a case of a patient with multiple sclerosis who was treated with plasmapheresis and valproic acid. We used therapeutic drug monitoring to determine whether plasma concentrations of valproic acid were kept within the therapeutic window and to determine the amount of valproic acid that was removed by plasmapheresis.

Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in resuscitated patients treated with moderate hypothermia.

Background: Patients who remain comatose after resuscitation are treated with moderate hypothermia. Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients who are treated with moderate hypothermia.

Objective: We investigated the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in resuscitated patients treated with moderate hypothermia in comparison to normothermic and non-resuscitated patients.

PENTA 2009 guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in paediatric HIV-1 infection.

PENTA Guidelines aim to provide practical recommendations for treating children with HIV infection in Europe. Changes to guidance since 2004 have been informed by new evidence and by expectations of better outcomes following the ongoing success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participation in PENTA trials of simplifying treatment is encouraged.

Neonatal anemia and hydrops fetalis after maternal mycophenolate mofetil use.

After admitting a patient to our Neonatal Intensive Care with a severe anemia and an ear malformation, we ruled out any other cause than maternal medication use. Knowing she used mycophenolate mofetil during pregnancy, we looked for related articles. Two articles were found describing ear malformations, but no article was ever written about anemia caused by this medication.