QTL mapping provides new insights into emamectin benzoate resistance in salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis.

Background: The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a parasite of wild and farmed salmonid fish, causing huge economic damage to the commercial farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the northern hemisphere. The avermectin emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used for salmon delousing. While resistance to EMB is widespread in Atlantic populations of L.

Network analysis of α-synuclein pathology progression reveals p21-activated kinases as regulators of vulnerability.

α-Synuclein misfolding and progressive accumulation drives a pathogenic process in Parkinson's disease. To understand cellular and network vulnerability to α-synuclein pathology, we developed a framework to quantify network-level vulnerability and identify new therapeutic targets at the cellular level. Full brain α-synuclein pathology was mapped in mice over 9 months.

Architectural styles of curiosity in global Wikipedia mobile app readership.

Intrinsically motivated information seeking is an expression of curiosity believed to be central to human nature. However, most curiosity research relies on small, Western convenience samples. Here, we analyze a naturalistic population of 482,760 readers using Wikipedia's mobile app in 14 languages from 50 countries or territories.

Development of an accelerometer age- and sex-specific approach based on population-standardized values for physical activity surveillance: A proof of concept.

Background: A shift from self-reports to wearable sensors for global physical activity (PA) surveillance has been recommended. The conventional use of a generic cut-point to assess moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) is problematic as these cut-points are often derived from non-representative samples under non-ecological laboratory conditions. This study aimed to develop age- and sex-specific (age-sex) cut-points for MVPA based on population-standardized values as a feasible approach to assess the adherence to PA guidelines and to investigate its associations with all-cause mortality.

Changes in brain connectivity and neurovascular dynamics during dexmedetomidine-induced loss of consciousness.

Understanding the neurophysiological changes that occur during loss and recovery of consciousness is a fundamental aim in neuroscience and has marked clinical relevance. Here, we utilize multimodal magnetic resonance neuroimaging to investigate changes in regional network connectivity and neurovascular dynamics as the brain transitions from wakefulness to dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness, and finally into early-stage recovery of consciousness. We observed widespread decreases in functional connectivity strength across the whole brain, and targeted increases in structure-function coupling (SFC) across select networks-especially the cerebellum-as individuals transitioned from wakefulness to hypnosis.

Regression and alignment for functional data and network topology.

In the brain, functional connections form a network whose topological organization can be described by graph-theoretic network diagnostics. These include characterizations of the community structure, such as modularity and participation coefficient, which have been shown to change over the course of childhood and adolescence. To investigate if such changes in the functional network are associated with changes in cognitive performance during development, network studies often rely on an arbitrary choice of preprocessing parameters, in particular the proportional threshold of network edges.

A network control theory pipeline for studying the dynamics of the structural connectome.

Network control theory (NCT) is a simple and powerful tool for studying how network topology informs and constrains the dynamics of a system. Compared to other structure-function coupling approaches, the strength of NCT lies in its capacity to predict the patterns of external control signals that may alter the dynamics of a system in a desired way. An interesting development for NCT in the neuroscience field is its application to study behavior and mental health symptoms.

The effects of verbal cues on EMG activity during a quadriceps setting exercise.

Context: A quadriceps setting (quad set) exercise is commonly utilized following knee injury, but there is great variation in cues that clinicians provide to patients when performing the exercise.

Objectives: To determine if internal, external, or visual cues results in the greatest quadriceps electromyographical (EMG) activity during a quadriceps setting exercise in healthy individuals.

Design: Descriptive laboratory study.

Functional brain networks are associated with both sex and gender in children.

Sex and gender are associated with human behavior throughout the life span and across health and disease, but whether they are associated with similar or distinct neural phenotypes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, in children, sex and gender are uniquely reflected in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain. Somatomotor, visual, control, and limbic networks are preferentially associated with sex, while network correlates of gender are more distributed throughout the cortex.

A sensorimotor-association axis of thalamocortical connection development.

Human cortical development follows a sensorimotor-to-association sequence during childhood and adolescence. The brain's capacity to enact this sequence over decades indicates that it relies on intrinsic mechanisms to regulate inter-regional differences in the timing of cortical maturation, yet regulators of human developmental chronology are not well understood. Given evidence from animal models that thalamic axons modulate windows of cortical plasticity, here we evaluate the overarching hypothesis that structural connections between the thalamus and cortex help to coordinate cortical maturational heterochronicity during youth.

Machine-Learning Optimized Measurements of Chaotic Dynamical Systems via the Information Bottleneck.

Deterministic chaos permits a precise notion of a "perfect measurement" as one that, when obtained repeatedly, captures all of the information created by the system's evolution with minimal redundancy. Finding an optimal measurement is challenging and has generally required intimate knowledge of the dynamics in the few cases where it has been done. We establish an equivalence between a perfect measurement and a variant of the information bottleneck.

Human learning of hierarchical graphs.

Humans are exposed to sequences of events in the environment, and the interevent transition probabilities in these sequences can be modeled as a graph or network. Many real-world networks are organized hierarchically and while much is known about how humans learn basic transition graph topology, whether and to what degree humans can learn hierarchical structures in such graphs remains unknown. We probe the mental estimates of transition probabilities via the surprisal effect phenomenon: humans react more slowly to less expected transitions.

Neural Dynamics During the Generation and Evaluation of Creative and Non-Creative Ideas.

What are the neural dynamics that drive creative thinking? Recent studies have provided much insight into the neural mechanisms of creative thought. Specifically, the interaction between the executive control, default mode, and salience brain networks has been shown to be an important marker of individual differences in creative ability. However, how these different brain systems might be recruited dynamically during the two key components of the creative process-generation and evaluation of ideas-remains far from understood.

A socioemotional network perspective on momentary experiences of family conflict in young adults.

Family conflict is an established predictor of psychopathology in youth. Traditional approaches focus on between-family differences in conflict. Daily fluctuations in conflict within families might also impact psychopathology, but more research is needed to understand how and why.

Information decomposition in complex systems via machine learning.

One of the fundamental steps toward understanding a complex system is identifying variation at the scale of the system's components that is most relevant to behavior on a macroscopic scale. Mutual information provides a natural means of linking variation across scales of a system due to its independence of functional relationship between observables. However, characterizing the manner in which information is distributed across a set of observables is computationally challenging and generally infeasible beyond a handful of measurements.

Generalizable Links Between Borderline Personality Traits and Functional Connectivity.

Background: Symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) often manifest during adolescence, but the underlying relationship between these debilitating symptoms and the development of functional brain networks is not well understood. Here, we aimed to investigate how multivariate patterns of functional connectivity are associated with borderline personality traits in large samples of young adults and adolescents.

Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging data from young adults and adolescents from the HCP-YA (Human Connectome Project Young Adult) (n = 870, ages 22-37 years, 457 female) and the HCP-D (Human Connectome Project Development) (n = 223, ages 16-21 years, 121 female).

LRRK2 kinase inhibition reverses G2019S mutation-dependent effects on tau pathology progression.

Background: Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). These mutations elevate the LRRK2 kinase activity, making LRRK2 kinase inhibitors an attractive therapeutic. LRRK2 kinase activity has been consistently linked to specific cell signaling pathways, mostly related to organelle trafficking and homeostasis, but its relationship to PD pathogenesis has been more difficult to define.

Diffusion MRI head motion correction methods are highly accurate but impacted by denoising and sampling scheme.

Head motion correction is particularly challenging in diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) scans due to the dramatic changes in image contrast at different gradient strengths and directions. Head motion correction is typically performed using a Gaussian Process model implemented in FSL's Eddy. Recently, the 3dSHORE-based SHORELine method was introduced that does not require shell-based acquisitions, but it has not been previously benchmarked.

Breaking reflection symmetry: evolving long dynamical cycles in Boolean systems.

In interacting dynamical systems, specific local interaction rules for system components give rise to diverse and complex global dynamics. Long dynamical cycles are a key feature of many natural interacting systems, especially in biology. Examples of dynamical cycles range from circadian rhythms regulating sleep to cell cycles regulating reproductive behavior.

Impact of white matter hyperintensities on structural connectivity and cognition in cognitively intact ADNI participants.

We used indirect brain mapping with virtual lesion tractography to test the hypothesis that the extent of white matter tract disconnection due to white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is associated with corresponding tract-specific cognitive performance decrements. To estimate tract disconnection, WMH masks were extracted from FLAIR MRI data of 481 cognitively intact participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and used as regions of avoidance for fiber tracking in diffusion MRI data from 50 healthy young participants from the Human Connectome Project. Estimated tract disconnection in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, right frontal aslant tract, and right superior longitudinal fasciculus mediated the effects of WMH volume on executive function.

Correction: Gender imbalances in the editorial activities of a selective journal run by academic editors.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.