Contribution of polyamine oxidase to brain injury after trauma.

Object: The possible role of the polyamine interconversion pathway on edema formation, traumatic injury volume, and tissue polyamine levels after traumatic brain injury (TBI) was studied using an inhibitor of the interconversion pathway enzyme, polyamine oxidase.

Methods: Experimental TBI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by using a controlled cortical impact device at a velocity of 3 m/second, resulting in a 2-mm deformation. Immediately after TBI was induced, 100 mg/kg of N1,N4-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine 2HCl (MDL 72527) or saline was injected intraperitoneally.

Intracerebral hemorrhage caused by the rupture of a nontraumatic middle meningeal artery aneurysm. Case report and review of the literature.

The authors report on the case of a 46-year-old man who presented with an intraparenchymal hemorrhage after the rupture of a nontraumatic aneurysm arising from the middle meningeal artery (MMA). A review of the literature revealed no published cases of intraparenchymal hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of an MMA aneurysm.

Effects of MDL 72527, a specific inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, on brain edema, ischemic injury volume, and tissue polyamine levels in rats after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion.

The possible effects of the polyamine interconversion pathway on tissue polyamine levels, brain edema formation, and ischemic injury volume were studied by using a selective irreversible inhibitor, MDL 72527, of the interconversion pathway enzyme, polyamine oxidase. In an intraluminal suture occlusion model of middle cerebral artery in spontaneously hypertensive rats, 100 mg/kg MDL 72527 changed the brain edema formation from 85.7 +/- 0.

Simultaneous assay of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines after central nervous system injury in gerbil and rat.

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. An increase in putrescine (a natural polyamine) synthesis after central nervous system (CNS) injury appears to be involved in blood-brain barrier dysfunction, development of vasogenic edema and neuronal death. An improved method is described to determine the ODC activity as well as polyamine levels from the same brain tissue.

Intraluminal suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats.

In models of middle cerebral artery occlusion using intraluminal suture, the size and the distribution of ischemic injury vary considerably among laboratories. In transcranial models of cerebral ischemia, a more consistent cerebral ischemic lesion is seen in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, we performed intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA in SHR and compared its reproducibility with those in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

Traumatic brain injury down-regulates glial glutamate transporter (GLT-1 and GLAST) proteins in rat brain.

Excess activation of NMDA receptors is felt to participate in secondary neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased extracellular glutamate is active in this process and may result from either increased release or decreased reuptake. The two high-affinity sodium-dependent glial transporters [glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)] mediate the bulk of glutamate transport.

Increased ornithine decarboxylase activity and protein level in the cortex following traumatic brain injury in rats.

There is increasing evidence that the elevated levels of polyamines play an important role in the secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis. Presently, we measured the ODC protein levels by Western blot analysis in the cerebral cortex of rats sacrificed at 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 72 h and 168 h after controlled cortical impact injury.

Effects of ifenprodil, a polyamine site NMDA receptor antagonist, on reperfusion injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia.

Polyamines and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are both thought to play an important role in secondary neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia. Ifenprodil, known as a noncompetitive inhibitor of polyamine sites at the NMDA receptor, was studied after transient focal cerebral ischemia occurred. Spontaneously hypertensive male rats, each weighing between 250 and 350 g, underwent 3 hours of tandem middle cerebral artery (MCA) and common carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for a period of 3 hours or 21 hours.

The biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the cortex and hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats.

This study examined the time course of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening and correlated this with brain edema formation after a lateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) brain injury in rats. Quantitative measurement of Evans blue (EB) extravasation using fluorescence was employed at 2, 4, 6 h and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after injury. Brain edema was measured by specific gravity of the tissue at corresponding time points.

Beneficial effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on blood-brain barrier breakdown and neuronal survival after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils.

We have studied the beneficial effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) tosylate on blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and neuronal survival after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. BBB breakdown experiments were performed in pentobarbital anesthetized gerbils subjected to 10 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion and 6 h of reperfusion. For BBB breakdown measurements, SAM (120 mg/kg, i.

Protective effects of ifenprodil on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and edema formation in focal cerebral ischemia.

Objective: Ifenprodil, a polyamine site N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/channel antagonist, has been reported to decrease infarction volume after cerebral ischemia. However, the possible mechanisms of this protective effect have not been studied in detail. We investigated the effects of ifenprodil on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, regional brain edema, and cerebral blood flow.

Regional brain polyamine levels in permanent focal cerebral ischemia.

Transient global cerebral ischemia has been shown to induce marked changes in the polyamine pathway with a significant increase in putrescine, the product of the ornithine decarboxylase reaction. This study examined the relationship between tissue and extracellular polyamines and regional cerebral blood flow and brain edema. Six hours of focal ischemia in cats (n = 10) was produced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Effect of hyperglycemia on reperfusion-associated recovery of intracellular pH and high energy phosphates after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils.

Hyperglycemia increases cerebral damage after transient cerebral ischemia. This study used in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the relationship of intracellular tissue acidosis and delayed recovery of brain high-energy phosphates to increased damage during the reperfusion period. Mongolian gerbils were subjected to transient bilateral carotid ischemia for 20 min with 2 h reperfusion.

Effect of the prostacyclin analogue, iloprost, on infarct size after permanent focal cerebral ischemia.

This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of iloprost, a stable analogue of prostacyclin, on infarct size after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the rabbit. Forty-two adult rabbits were subjected to left middle cerebral artery occlusion via the transorbital route. Fourteen rabbits received an intravenous (i.

Protective effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor AA-861 on cerebral edema after transient ischemia.

This study examined the effect of AA-861, a specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, on brain levels of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and correlated any changes with changes in edema formation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) after transient ischemia in gerbils. Brain levels of LTC4 were observed to be increased at 1, 2, and 6 hours of reperfusion following 20 minutes of occlusion. At 2 hours of reperfusion, a pretreatment dose of 1000 mg/kg of AA-861 was required to inhibit more than 90% of the reperfusion-induced increases in brain LTC4.

A false traumatic giant aneurysm of the supraclinoid carotid artery. A case report and review of the literature.

A patient presented with left hemiparesis and facial palsy developed 20 days after a traffic accident. A computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed right suprasellar mass lesion. A repeated CT scan revealed a growing mass.

Enhanced accumulation of free fatty acids in experimental focal cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia is well known to cause an increase in the level of free fatty acids (FFAs) in rodent species. Such FFA accumulations may signal regional lipid membrane damage and are postulated to participate in the pathogenesis of progressive infarction after cerebral ischemia. In this study we have examined the regional levels of FFAS in the cortices of cats after 8 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Effect of difluoromethylornithine treatment on regional ornithine decarboxylase activity and edema formation after experimental brain injury.

This study examined the effect of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on regional activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and edema formation in bilateral cerebral cortex and hippocampus after a unilateral controlled cortical-impact (CCI) injury in rats. To measure the activity of ODC, the brains of injured and control rats were frozen in situ at 30 min, 3, 6, and 24 h after CCI brain injury of moderate severity. The specific gravity, an indicator of edema formation, was examined in decapitated animals at corresponding time points.

Extracerebral cavernous angiomas of the cavernous sinus in the middle fossa.

Unlabelled: Intracranial extracerebral cavernous angiomas (ECCAs) share the same histologic features as intracerebral lesions, but their clinical picture is different. Surgical treatment of ECCAs of the cavernous sinus remains a challenge for the neurosurgeon because of a high mortality and morbidity due to uncontrollable and massive hemorrhage.

Methods: We have experienced seven patients with ECCAs of the cavernous sinus between 1982 and 1994.

Huge colloid cyst of the third ventricle associated with calcification in the cyst wall.

Giant or huge colloid cysts of the third ventricle up to of more than 3 cm in diameter are extremely rare. The patient presented with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, including headache, vomiting, and papilledema. Computerized tomographic (CT) scan revealed a hypodense, huge colloid cyst of the third ventricle associated with calcification in the cyst wall.

Delayed hyperglycemia and intracellular acidosis during focal cerebral ischemia in cats.

The effects of hyperglycemia on permanent focal brain ischemia is controversial; its effects on the size of the infarct are variable according to experimental conditions. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to assess brain pH and high-energy phosphate metabolites after focal middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemia in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic cats. Sixteen adult cats underwent (MCA) occlusion under general anesthesia and nuclear magnetic resonance 31P spectroscopy to assess intracellular brain pH and energy metabolites throughout permanent ischemia.

Regional activity of ornithine decarboxylase and edema formation after traumatic brain injury.

This study examined ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and edema formation bilaterally in brain cortices and hippocampi after lateral controlled cortical-impact injury in rats. To measure the activity of ODC, the brains of injured and control rats were frozen in situ at 30 minutes and at 6, 24, and 72 hours after controlled cortical-impact injury of moderate severity. The specific gravity of these regions was examined in decapitated animals at corresponding time points as an indicator of edema formation.

Colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Evaluation of 28 cases of colloid cyst of the third ventricle operated on by transcortical transventricular (25 cases) and transcallosal/transventricular (3 cases) approaches.

The clinical and x-ray features of 28 cases of colloid cyst of the third ventricle are described. Colloid cyst is one of the most favourable space-occupying lesions of the brain for successful surgical removal, because an exact pre-operative diagnosis is possible. The surgical approach for colloid cyst of the third ventricle is discussed and the frequency of postoperative seizure is reviewed in 28 cases and compared with the literature.

False traumatic aneurysm of the dorsal wall of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery--case report.

A 32-year-old male presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage following head trauma. Initial carotid angiography revealed an aneurysm protruding from the dorsal wall of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery. Two weeks later, following two additional hemorrhagic episodes, repeat carotid angiography showed severe vasospasm and dramatic expansion of the aneurysm.